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CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION REVIEW MATERIALS
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NOTES ON CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATIONCDI 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
I.INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND DETECTION –HANS GROSS – A noted Criminologist
once said that Criminal Investigation is a95% perspiration b. 3% inspiration and c. 2% luck.
A. Definition of Terms:
Criminal investigation- is an art, not science. But we must treat it partially in order that we will be guided by the
general principle and concepts; and the provision of laws pertinent to our Criminal Justice System.
ART- is simply defined as the POWER of performing certain action especially acquired by experience, study and
observation.
Criminal Investigator – is an artist in his chosen field and who had his skills to produce the finest work of art by
busting blank wall cases. Criminal investigators are the cream of the police organization. They are removed from
the stratum of the ordinary police man and they belong to the realm of police intellectuals. Hence, their selection
must be based not only on qualifications but competence and nothing less.
CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
CRIMINAL INVESTAGATION defined – it is an art, which the identity and location of the criminal offender and
gathering and providing evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR defined– He is the skilled person who is charged with the duty of conducting criminal
investigation when a crime is committed.
QUALITIES OF INVESTIGATOR:
1. Perseverance
2. Endurance
3. Incorruptible honesty and integrity
4. The Intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon
5. The knowledge of psychology and other natural sciences
6. Acting Ability
7. Mastery of the Oral and Written Communication
8. The keen power of observation and deception
9. Working knowledge of Criminal Law, Evidence, Criminal Procedures and Penal special laws.
10. Sense of justice and Fairy Play.
11. The power to “read between the lines”
12. Working knowledge of martial arts and Fire arms proficiency.
B. THE THREE TOOLS OR I’S OF INVESTIGATION:
1. INFORMATION defined – It is the knowledge of facts which the investigator had gathered from persons or
documents, which are pertinent relevant concerning the commission of criminal activities.
INFORMATION CLASSIFIED AS TO SOURCES:
a. RegularSources
b. Cultivated Sources
c. Grapevines Sources
2. INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION
a. Interview defined – it is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator.
b. Interrogation defined – It is process of obtaining and admission or confession from those suspects to have
committed a crime. It is confrontational in nature.
c. Field Inquiry defined – It is the general questioning of all persons at the crime scene conducted by the
investigator.
3. INSTRUMENTATION defined- It is the police of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal
investigation and detection.
C. CARDINAL QUESTIONS IN INVESTIGATION:
1. THE FIVE W’s and H OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – These are the questions: WHO, WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE, WHAT and HOW.
2. RECURRING QUESTIONS- are the MENTAL and PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS on how the crime
was committed, these questions will preoccupy the mind of the investigator.
,a. The means of the report
b. The time of the report
c. The receiver of the report
d. The time of dispatch
E. CRIME SCENCE INVESTIGATION:
1. THE GOLDEN RULE AT THE CRIME SCENE- Never touch any object at the crime scene unless
photographed, measured and indicated in the sketch.
2. ASSIGNMENT OF DUTIES- The team is headed by the Chief or Senior Investigator.
The Members include the following:
a. Assistant Team Leader
b. Photographer
c. Sketcher
d. Master note taker
e. Evidence Man
f. Measurer
3.THE CRIME SCENE SEARCH- The investigator places himself at a spot where there are no physical evidence
that will be tampered and make an estimate as to what form af search will be employed.
4.THE METHODS OF SEARCH:
a. the strip method
b. the double strip method
c. the spiral or circular method
d. the zone method
e. the wheel, radial or spoke method
5.THE PURPOSE OF SEARCH- the purpose of the crime scene search is to find physical evidence. The afore-
stated methods are only general guides for the investigator.
6.PHOTOGRAPH OF THE CRIME SCENE:
a. general view
b. medium view
c. close up view
d. color photography
7.GUIDES IN PHOTOGRAPHING CRIME SCENES:
a. Series of photographs of the crime scene
b. The depicted object in the photograph should not be immaterial or irrelevant.
8.THE KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPHS TO BE TAKEN AT THE SCENE
a. The photograph of the deceased showing the relationship of the dead body with surroundings, especially
the physical evidence
b. Photographs of evidence showing forcible entry destroyed padlocks, broken doors and windows and other
relevant signs of disturbances.
9.THE USE OF SPECIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
a. Such as infrared, ultra violet, orthosterios macro- photography, movie camera, etc…
b. Photography of environs
c. Close-up photograph of the dead body after removal from the scene.
10.SKETCHING THE CRIME SCENE
a. SKETCH -it is the graphic representation of the scene of the crime. With complete measurements of the relative
distances of relevant object and conditions obtaining therein.
b. THE GENERAL KINDS OF SKETCH
1. Rough Sketch – It is made by the investigator at the crime scene which is full of important details. But without the
scale of proportionThis is used as the basis for the finished sketch.
2. Finished Sketch- This is a Sketch with a scale of proportion and drawn by the draftsman. The rough sketch and
the finished sketch are fore court presentation.
11. THE SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES
a. sketch of locality
b. Compass direction
c. Sketch in details/cross projection or the exploded view
, c. essential items
d. scale of proportion
e. legend
f. title
13. COLLECTION, MARKING, TAGGING and PRESERVATION OF THE EVIDENCE
a. COLLECTION – As evidence is collected, it is individually marked with initials of the Investigator.
b. MARKING –Every collected evidence is marked.
c. TAGGING- Every piece of evidence the is collected and marked must be tagged
d. PRESERVATION OF THE EVIDENCE – Perishable Materials should be preserve by the way or the methods of
preservation in order that they will reach the court in the same physical condition as when they were collected from
the crime scene. This is the work of the laboratory technician
14. CHAIN OF CUSTODY defined- it is the number of persons who handled and possessed the piece of evidence
the moment that they were collected, marked and tagged, up to the time the final disposition of the case.
15. METHODS OF MARKING SPECIFIC KINDS OF EVIDENCE
a. GUNS:
i. Revolver – frame, butt, cylinder, barrel and stock.
ii. Rifles – barrel, frame, bolt or slide
iii. All magazines and accessories shall also be marked.
b.REVOLBER CYLINDER: The chamber facing the firing pin must be marked as soon as it is open for
examination.
Note: the direction of the rotation of the cylinder must also be sketched and noted. E.g. Colt clockwise while S&W
counter clockwise direction.
c. FIRED EMPTY SHELLS: Fired empty cartridges inside the mouth, In case of. 22 call on the side o0f 6the body
of the shell.
d. BULLETS OF SLUG: Ogive or nose avoiding the land and groove. They could also be marked on the base.
F. RECONSTRUCTING THE CRIME
1. RECONSTRUCTING THE CRIME defined – It is the assessment made by the investigator after the crime scene
investigation, of how the crime is committed.
2. KINDS OF RECONSTRACTING THE CRIME
a. PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION- It is based on the physical appearance of the crime scene mainly focused on
the pieces of physical evidence. And the accounts of witnesses and suspects
b. MENTAL RECONSTRUCTION- Based on the physical reconstruction; some conclusion could be formulated
taking into account all available pieces o9f evidence.
G. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES:
THEORY defined - It is the imaginative contemplation of reality, direct intellectual apprehension, insight or body of
generalization and principles developed in association with the practice in a certain field of activity(The of the
Investigator’s theory).
H. FIELD INQUIRY:
a. FIELD INQUIRY defined – it is the general questioning of all persons at near or around the crime scene.
b. when to start the field inquiry.
c. how to treat witnesses and suspects retained ate the scene
d. the purpose of separating the witnesses or suspects from one another.
I.GOING BACK TO THE CRIME SCENE
a. Reason for going back at the crime scene
b. Value of the process
J. THE TRHEE PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
a. The identification of the criminal
b. The facts or evidence to prove his guilt are gathered for introduction during trial.
K. THE FOUR METHODS OF IDENTIFYING THE CRIMINALS:
a. By confession or admission
b. By accounts or testimonies of witnesses
c. By circumstantial evidence
d. By associative evidence
, b. UNKNOWN FUGITVES
FACTORS AFFECTING POSITIVE IENTIFCATION:
1. The ability of the witnesses to positively identify the unknown criminals depends upon his level of alertness
intelligence, vision, age and health.
2. The prevailing conditions of visibility and observation of the crime scene.
3. The lapse of time between the commission of the crime and the arrest of the offender.
4. The opportunity of the criminal to vary his personal appearance such as the removal of moustache, side
bums, goatee, the change to hair style, the addition of tattoo on the face, earrings, nose rings, lip rings or
facelift thru surgery.
M. METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION BY WITNESSES
1 verbal description
2. Rogue’s gallery
3. General photographs
4 cartographic sketches
N. THE POLICE LINE-UP
It is the process of identification by witnesses of the unknown fugitive who is mixed innocent persons lined
before the witness. (Procedures of Police Line-Up)
O. CENTERPOINTS OF PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION
1. Face 7. Fingers
2. Hair 8. Manner of walking
3. Neck 9. Voice
4. Shoulder 10. Physical appearance
5. Waist 11. Complexion
6. Hands
P.THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO IDENTIFY CRIMINAL
KINDS OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE:
1. CORPUS DELICTI – These are the object or substance, which constitute the essential parts or elements of the
commission of the crime. It is sometimes called the body of the crime not the body of the victim.The cause of death
is one of the essential element of a crime.
2. ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE – Pieces of evidence which will link suspect to the scene, such as fingerprints, foot or
shoe impressions are but some of the examples.
3. TRACING EVIDENCE – Article which assist the investigator in location the criminal. Stolen goods in the
possession of the suspect is the example.
Q.PRESERVATION AND CARE OF EVIDENCE
(Purpose – shell have the same substantial condition when they will be presented before the court during trial)
(Marking – for positive and defined identification during trial)
R.MODUS OPERANDI Defined – simply, it is the method of the operation by a specific criminal or criminal
syndicates.(Importance of Modus operandi)
THE ART OF OBTAINING INFORMATION
A.INTERVIEW
1. INTEERVIEW defined – it is the questioning of a person believed to posssess information which is relevant to
the investigation of a crime or on criminal activities
2. THE GOLDEN RULE IN INTERVIEW - Never conduct or let anyone conduct an interview if the interviewer has
not gone to the crime scene.
3. QUALITIES OF AAA GOOD INTERVIEWER:
a. Rapport forceful personality
b. Knowledge ofhuman behavior
c. Conversational tone of voice
d. Common interest
e. Acting qualities
f. Humility
4.COGNITIVE INTERVIEW defined – it is a formed or technique in the conduct of interview upon will witness and
cooperative witness, where they are given the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without interventions
interruption and interference from the interviewer.
5. REASONS WHY WITNESSES REFUSE TO TALK AND TESTIFY
a.fear of reprisal
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