Exam (elaborations)

Basic Anatomy of the Skeletal System-Class notes

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Course
General Anatomy

Institution
General Anatomy

My "Basic Anatomy of the Skeletal System" class notes provide a comprehensive and concise overview of the skeletal system, essential for medical students. These notes cover the structure, function, and pathology of bones and joints, presented in an easy-to-understand, bookish language that simplifi...

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Uploaded on July 4, 2024
Number of pages 152
Written in 2023/2024
Type Exam (elaborations)
Contains Questions & answers

anatomy
skull and bones
bones
skeletal system
skeletal system overview
human anatomy basics
bones and joints
human skeletal facts
medial
medico
femur
tibia
skull
health
usmle
class notes
notes
exam
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A BRIEF INSIGHT INTO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Author: Asad Ullah

, FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
Main function is Support: It's a structural framework that functions as a support system. It
keeps us upright, particularly when we're talking about Homo sapiens. It allows for us to stay in
bipedally and on two legs

Attachment points for tenons and
ligaments. They attach to certain
parts of the bones like this. They
mainly serve as attachment points for
muscle tendons

The protection: Protects certain other internal organs. For example:
➔ Calvaria or skullcap protecting the brain
➔ Rib cage or thorax protects lungs as well as your heart
Less protected areas: There are areas where there is not much bone protection. For example:
abdomen, doesn't have any bones right here in the anterior part of abdomen but other
structures serve to protect abdominal areas. These are: in those areas protecting.
1. Muscles
2. Tendons
Assistance and movement: It provides a sturdy framework that supports and shapes the body,
enabling us to maintain posture and bear weight. This system includes: all of which work
together to facilitate movement
➔ Bones
➔ Cartilage
➔ Ligaments
➔ Joints

,Bones act as levers and provide attachment points for muscles, which contract to generate
motion. Joints, the sites where bones meet, allow for flexibility and a range of movements, from
simple bending and straightening to more complex actions like rotation and gliding
➔ Ligaments and tendons contribute by stabilizing joints and transmitting the force
generated by muscles to the bones, ensuring coordinated and efficient movement

When the muscle contracts, the
muscle shortens. It will pull on the
bone allowing for movement to
occur

Variation within the structure of bones: Certain areas of bodies have regions that are
completely hollow in bone that's filled in with fat (Rib bone tissue and femur bone marrow )
Other parts of the bone that are not quite as heavy. This is allowing for that ease of movement

Other functions
a- Mineral storage and release: Is as follows:

1. Calcium: Bones are the storage hub of 99% of the calcium in your body. But calcium's
important in other areas of the body as well. So, you'll have calcium sometimes released
into the:
➔ Blood in order to allow for your gastrointestinal tract to function properly
➔ Calcium can be released from bone to allow for homeostasis to keep up

Thyroid gland and your
parathyroid glands help to keep
certain amounts of calcium within
the bone or release it if need be

, 2. Phosphorus: Another mineral that's stored within the bone, not as quite as high
amounts as calcium, but it will play a role in terms of mineral release and storage as well
➔ About 90% of total phosphorus is stored in bone as hydroxyapatite (calcium-phosphate)
crystals. Most of the remaining phosphorus is distributed in soft tissues, and phosphate
is predominantly an intracellular ion

b- Hemopoiesis: Within the red bone marrow there will be blood cell production. All types
of blood cell production:
➔ Red blood cells
➔ White blood cells
Juvenile bones: Or sub-adult or a young individual. They have huge amounts of red bone
marrow. As one moves into adulthood, there's only going to be certain areas of bone that are
actually going to form red blood cells
Epiphyses: These are the ends of long bones and then in certain other bones such as:
➔ Os coxa or hip bones
In adulthood, a lot of that red bone marrow is differentiated into yellow bone marrow and it’s
what we think about when we think about marrow
c- Triglyceride storage or Fatty or yellow marrow: It's that fatty tissue that's actually within
the hollow portions of the bone. So that's going to make up the majority of the bone
marrow found in adults. It's important in terms of:
➔ Triglyceride storage so that fatty storage as energy storage for these yellow bone marrow

HISTOLOGY OF BONE
Some important questions: Let's get down into the molecular level of the skeletal system
➔ What's actually making the bone?
➔ How's it get hard?
Focus in this lecture will span around extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix: Surrounds widely separated cells:
What does a histological slide of bone tissue look like? It involves a very distinct darker area
right here. Then, comes the ever-expanding rings, so very similar to tree rings
➔ What's actually making up all of this?
Answer: is
➔ 15% water

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