Class notes

Class notes for BIOL 121 (Genetics, Evolution, and Ecology)

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Course
BIOL121

Institution
University Of British Columbia (UBC )

Detailed notes on basic concepts of genetics, evolution, and ecology at a first-year level. Color coding/highlighting, drawings, pictures, and other features to aid learning. Examples and definitions provided.

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Uploaded on July 4, 2024
Number of pages 41
Written in 2021/2022
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Brett couch
Contains All classes

mitosis
meiosis
chromosomes
dna
ploidy
genes
reproduction
mendelian
extinction
evolution
natural selection
variation
genetic drift
phylogeny
gene flow
ecosystems
species interaction
biodiversity

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,LIFE CYCLES
parents &
offspring
-

-
cells rise to new cells via division
> giving
Inheritance - SCALE MATTERS !
of
· changes infreq
alleles ove r time
, ME
of ancestral of ancestral
population splitting
·
>
-
species
populations populations
>
-
population
into 2 evolve

independently
If
*
population is smaller
,
inbreeding
is more
likely
& clearer

SEX vs GENDER IN GENETICS
>
-

depends on the
legg
gamates female or
sparm
in
animals)
plants have both make a
parts
X

>
-
there are identities that don't conform to "Sex"
but
types
have have
some
mating
X
no sax

that has
mating typa
X

anything
can mate
wy the same

to
prevent inbreeding/self-fertilization
BASIC ANIMAL LIFE CYCLE
MELOSIS of material makes
hereditary
:
-
amount cut in 2
,

followed
gametes by plasmogamy
-

FERTILIZATION of material
hereditary
- : normal amount is
restored
MITOSIS cell divisions
responsible for growth
- :

#gametes haploid ,
diploid organism

ANIMALLC PLANT LC
mitotic divisions

mitotic
divisions diploid
2N phase
2N ~
fertilization
(N) naploid
melosis

haploid
gametes Phase
melosis mitotic divisions
fautilization
* does not make
melosis
always gametes ,
makes
spores

,CHROMOSOMES & MITOSIS
>
-
DNA
packed w/ double-helly
-
histone
protein
Bere
*
=
-

①

DNA
- UNDERSTANDING MUTATION :

9)Info flows from DNA-> RNA -
>
proteins
b) DNA sequence defines the
genotype ; proteins create

a)
the
prenotype
changes genotype may
in result
changes phenotype
in in

* mutation results in new allele ... atc ?
alter
*
change
affect
in DNA
sequence
can
gene production which
can
phenotype
>
- CHROMOSOME DRAWINGS :

DOUBLE STRANDED MOL .
HAPLOID CELL
(condensed chrom)

nucleus

-

& D
ar m
-

centromere
=
-
I
-
chrom
wxy

* WHY HAPLOID ? It is connected
to the same centromove , it
chromatids ! to
hasI
be
be
2
diploid,
It would have to
of the
phys
.
separate copies chrom .

PRIOR TO DNA REPLICATION POST DNA REPLICATION
(diploids)

my Exy-
*
+

axy
wxyt
& ↑

, >
-
CELL THEORY :

of of
- all
organisms
come from
are made cells
(description pattern)
cells (mechanism
pre-existing
-

all cells

>
-
4 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE :

-
G1 :
first
cell
gap after mitosis
growth gaining cytoplasm
·

,
increase size
,

S DNA
Synthesis
-
:

chromosomes
copied
·
are

22 : second
gap
-

check)
for division (like
pre-flight
·
a
prop
-

M : mitosis
·
nuclear division
·
cell division

now
genetic
matter
partition between nuclei
·

fallsof the end of mitosis !
cytokinesis usually
·

>
-
MITOSIS OVERVIEW :

1) cell 4
parent unreplicated chromosomes
:

2)
parent call 4
replicated chromosomes
:

3) start of mitosis
replicated chrom condense
.
a

4) sister chromatics
during
cells
mitosis
formed
,
separate ,
2
daughter
by cytokinesis
are

>
-
HAPLOID US DIPLOID

If there each o
-

chromatia)
B (or
-

ar chromosome 1

all is
naploid
-

IMPORTANT !!! I
* EX : cell has
humans a
gamete fertilized
23
haploid
In or
,

different chromosomes w/
gamete /
when
-

is
another
getneed
intercourse
(egg sparm) ,
it
will turn know this a
diploid) means
egg
-

It has one of each chromosome from &
egg sparm
,

resulting chromosomes
cell
in a
diploid w/ 46
>
-
PLOIDY CONCEPT
the # of cell
ploidy
-
: chromosome sats in a

diploid cells each chrom has a
"partner" (another
-

in ,

chrom.
coding
for the
differ ,
same

but
gene)
generally
the alleles the
genes
-
are

the same
may
these
separated (IN
during partners
-
melosis ,
are

becomes N) and
resulting daughter
cells are
haploid

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