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PK PD PG all Questions & answers solved 100% accurately with Complete Solution Graded A+ latest version
PK PD PG all Questions & answers solved 100% accurately with Complete Solution Graded A+ latest version
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PK/PD/PGPharmacokinetics (PK)
•How drugs move through the body and what makes serum levels go high or low
(AKA how the drug effects the body)
Pk methods help to explain or predict the onset and duration of drug activity and
interactions between drugs that alter their metabolism or excretion.
Pharmacodynamics (PD)
•The drugs therapeutic and adverse effects (AKA what the drug does to the body)
Pharmacogenomics (PG)
How genes affect an individual's response to drugs. Can be PK or PD
Pharmacokinetics - abbreviations
•Cmax = peak concentration of drug
•NOT same as onset of action
•Cmin = lowest concentration of drug, i.e. trough
•Tmax = time it takes to get to Cmax
•AUC = total amount of drug absorbed by body over time, i.e. BIOAVAILABILITY
•T ½ = Half-life = time required for half the drug to leave body
Absorption
•First, drug needs to be absorbed to then get into systemic circulation and get to
brain
•Bioavailability= amount of drug administered that gets into circulation
•Route of Administration
•Oral vs alternative
•Formulation
•Immediate vs modified release
•Physiological state of patient
, •Weight
•GI motility
•First-pass metabolism
Oral Administration
Drug needs to be
Drug formulations: Pills
•powderized active molecules and inactive fillers pressed together
•Pts can have allergic reaction to fillers (75% of pill, avg 8.8 ingredients)
•45% of oral drugs include lactose (Reker et al., 2019)
Drug formulations: Capsules
•dissolvable shells that contain a power or liquid in the form of drug
•Many capsules are made of gelatin from animal collagen. Difficult to find which ones
are vegan. Direct client to ask manufacturer directly
Drug formulations: Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs
•) aka wafers: loosely compressed tablets, quickly dissolve on tongue
•Some gets absorbed into oral mucosa like SL
Zyprexa and Mirtazapine are two commonly used
Rate of Release
•Immediate Release
•Dissolve rapidly in GI track and absorbed within 1-2 hours
•Serum concentrations spikes quickly and falls back down
•Ups and downs can affect efficacy and SE
•Sustained Release- most use multiple mechanisms
• Dissolution control: med released as outer coating dissolves (Seroquel XR)
•. Diffusion control: med slowly diffuses out of semipermeable membrane (Effexor
XR)
•. Osmotic-release: med pushed out by tiny pump that’s powered by osmosis
across semipermeable membrane (Concerta)
•Delayed Release
•Don’t get absorbed until they’ve reached a specific spot in the gut
Distribution
•Drug distributed from systemic circulation to different organs and tissues
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