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IELTS Worksheet 3 all Questions & answers solved accurately with Complete Solution Graded A+ latest version
IELTS Worksheet 3 all Questions & answers solved accurately with Complete Solution Graded A+ latest version
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Read the following passage and answer questions 1 to 7 below it.The Development of Sanitation Systems
The first sanitation systems were built in the prehistoric Middle East, in the south-east of
the modern country of Iran near Zabol. An inverted siphon system, along with glass
covered clay pipes, was used for the first time in the palaces of Crete, Greece. It is still in
working condition, after about 3000 years.
Higher population densities required more complex sewer collection and conveyance
systems to maintain sanitary conditions in crowded cities. The ancient cities of Harappa
and Mohenjo-daro of the Indus Valley civilisation constructed complex networks of brick-
lined sewage drains from around 2600 BC and also had outdoor flush toilets connected to
this network. The urban areas of the Indus Valley civilisation provided public and private
baths, sewage was disposed through underground drains built with precisely laid bricks,
and a sophisticated water management system with numerous reservoirs was established.
Roman towns and garrisons in the United Kingdom between 46 BC and 400 AD had
complex sewer networks sometimes constructed out of hollowed-out elm logs, which were
shaped so that they butted together with the down-stream pipe providing a socket for the
upstream pipe.
In some cities, including Rome, Istanbul (Constantinople) and Fustat, networked ancient
sewer systems continue to function today as collection systems for those cities'
modernised sewer systems. Instead of flowing to a river or the sea, the pipes have been
re-routed to modern sewer treatment facilities.
This basic system remained in place with little positive change, until the 16th century,
when Sir John Harington invented the first flush toilet as a device for Queen Elizabeth I
(his godmother) that released wastes into cesspools. Despite this innovation, most cities
did not have a functioning sewer system before the Industrial era, relying instead on
nearby rivers or occasional rain showers to wash away the sewage from the streets.
The prevailing system was sufficient for the needs of early cities with few occupants, but
the tremendous growth of cities during the Industrial Revolution quickly led to terribly over-
polluted streets, which acted as a constant source for the outbreak of disease. As recently
as the late 19th century sewerage systems in some parts of the highly industrialised
United Kingdom were so inadequate that water-borne diseases such as cholera and
typhoid remained a risk.
The first comprehensive sewer system was built in Hamburg, Germany in the mid-19th
century, and the first such systems in the United States were built in the late 1850s in
Chicago and Brooklyn. Initially these systems discharged sewage directly to surface
waters without treatment. But as pollution of water bodies became a concern, cities
attempted to treat the sewage before discharge. During the half-century around 1900,
these public health interventions succeeded in drastically reducing the incidence of water-
borne diseases among the urban population, and were an important cause in the
increases of life expectancy experienced at the time.
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