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DNA structure , Translation and replication all Questions & answers solved accurately with Complete Solution Graded A+ latest version

DNA structure , Translation and replication all Questions & answers solved accurately with Complete Solution Graded A+ latest version

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  • July 6, 2024
  • 5
  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • dna structure translation and replication all qu

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DNA structure , Translation and replication
✅
DNA Found in nucleus of cells
Found in cytoplasm of cells without a nucleus
Contains the genetic code which dictates all inherited characteristics of an
organism

✅
A Gene: Sequence of bases on a DNA molecule that codes for a
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Genome: ✅All the genes in an individual or species
HOW IS THE STRUCTURE OF DNA RELATED TO ITS FUNCTION? ✅
✅
Structure of DNA ① NUCLEOTIDES: ~DNA is a polymer made up of
repeating units called nucleotides
~One nucleotide contains deoxyribose ( a 5 carbon sugar) , a phosphate
group and a nitrogenous base .
~There are 4 possible bases: Adenine , Thymine , Cytosine , Guanine.




✅
Structure of DNA
② DOUBLE HELIX Mono-nucleotides link joining the sugar and
phosphate of two nucleotides. phosphodiester bonds form.
2 polynucleotide strands join to form the double helix , the strands are
antiparallel as they run in opposite directions.

✅
Advantages of DNA double helix Gives stability to the molecule
Protects bases from digestive enzymes
Allows for semi conservative replication

✅
Structure of DNA ③Base pairing Bases are held together by hydrogen
bonds between complementary bases
Each base pair has a purine and a pyrimidine

, Purines: Adenine, Guanine
(Pure As Gold)
→Purines have a 2 ring structure
Pyrimidines: Cytosine , Thymine
→pyrimidines have a one ring structure.
The pairings mean there are 3 rings for each " rung " of the DNA molecule
which ensures it is a constant width along it's whole length.




How many bonds does Adenine make with Thymine ✅2
How many bonds does Guanine make with cytosine✅3

First steps of Transcription✅1- The enzyme RNA polymerase attaches to
the DNA
2- Th hydrogen bonds between bases break and the DNA Molecule unzips
and unwinds by use of DNA helicase

✅
Second steps of transcription 2- This mRNA strand is made by RNA
nucleotides aligning themselves with the complementary base on the
template strand. A pairs with U and C pairs with G.

3- Phosphodiester bonds join the nucleotides
(The strand that forms is identical to antisense with u instead of T

✅
Final / third steps of Transcription 1- When the mRNA strand is complete
, it leaves the nucleus through through a pore in the nuclear envelope

2- The DNA Strand then zips back up

✅
First stage of translation ⓵ mRNA attaches to the ribosome , binding to
the smaller subunit of the ribosome mRNA codons face the binding sites of
the larger subunit

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