Class notes
PSYB55: Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience Lecture 7
Enjoy these class notes from University of Toronto Scarborough in the course PSYB55H3: Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience from lectures 1-11.
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PSYB55- Lecture 7Effector: Part of the body that can move
Alpha motor neurons: Point of translation between the nervous system and the muscular
system.
Originates in the spinal cord, exit through the ventral root and terminating on muscle
fibers.
Action potentials in alpha motor neurons cause muscle fibers to contract
Extrapyramidal tracts: Neural pathways that project from the subcortex to the spinal cord.
Corticospinal/Pyramidal tract: made up of descending fibers that originate in the primary
motor cortex and project to the spinal cord.
The Cerebellum and the Basal ganglia are two prominent subcortical structures involved in
motor control.
The pyramidal motor tract carries signals from the motor cortex of each cerebral hemisphere to
the contralateral side of the spinal cord, whereas the extrapyramidal motor tracts carry signals
from various subcortical structures to both the ipsilateral and contralateral side(s) of the spinal
cord.
Primary Motor Cortex (Brodmann area 4): Spans the anterior bank of the central sulcus and
the posterior part of the central gyrus.
Source of most of the central corticospinal tract
Plegia: Paralysis of a body region (humans are more susceptible to this. Animal have 4 legs so
weight is evenly distributed to all four legs)
Quadriplegia- damage above T1
Paraplegia- Damage below T1
Hemiplegia- loss of ability to produce voluntary movement; Paralysis of half of the body
o Loss of blood flow in the middle cerebral artery is the most common
cause of hemiplegia.
Paresis: Weakness/partial paralysis
Hemiparesis-Weakness/partial paralysis of half of the body
Brodmann area 6: includes secondary motor areas. The lateral aspect is the premotor cortex
and the medial aspect is the supplementary motor area.
Efferent signals: Motor output
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