Class notes
PSYB55: Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience Lecture 9
Enjoy these class notes from University of Toronto Scarborough in the course PSYB55H3: Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience from lectures 1-11.
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PSYB55-Lecture 9Emotion: A valenced experience with a particular pattern of physiological activity (arousal)
“A mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings,
thoughts, and behaviors”
Involves: Subjective report (feelings), Physiological/ behavioural response
(sweating, heart rate,etc), Cognitive appraisal
Six primary emotions:
Anger, Fear, Disgust, Surprise, Happiness, Sadness
Facial Action Coding System (FACS) : facial expressions reflect emotion
Papez Circuit: describes the brain areas that are believed to be involved with emotion.
Hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus
Limbic system: includes the structures in the Papez circuit and the amygdala, orbitofrontal
cortex, and portions of the basal ganglia.
It is now believed that multiple neural circuits are involved
Dimensional approach: Describes emotions as reactions that vary along a continuum.
Fear conditioning: unconditioned stimulus is aversive; a form of implicit learning
Amygdala is heavily involved
The conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus that eventually evokes a response
through classical conditioning.
The unconditioned stimulus evokes a response even without training.
Amygdala: Bilateral damage can cause individuals to not acquire a conditioned response during
fear conditioning.
Information reaches the Amygdala by two pathways: The “low road” (thalamus to
amygdala) and “high road” (cortex to Amygdala)
Important for normal indirect emotional responses to stimuli whose emotional
properties are learned explicitly.
Amygdala can enhance the strength of explicit (or declarative) memories for emotional
events by modulating the storage of these memories.
Amygdala is also important for automatically identifying emotional facial expressions
from looking at the eyes of others (fear- increase in volume of eye whites)
The activity of the amygdala increases when looking at faces with a degree of difference
from the average face.
Amygdala is activated by novel stimuli independent of valence and arousal
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