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Chemistry IGCSE Revision Already Graded A+

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Chemistry IGCSE Revision Already Graded A+ Ionic Bonding ️Between a metal and a non-metal 1) soluble in water - polar water molecules are attracted to the giant 3D crystal lattice and break it apart 2) conduct electricity when molten - when molten, the bonds have broken and the electrons ar...

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  • July 9, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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Chemistry IGCSE Revision Already Graded A+

Ionic Bonding ✔️Between a metal and a non-metal



1) soluble in water - polar water molecules are attracted to the giant 3D crystal lattice and break it apart



2) conduct electricity when molten - when molten, the bonds have broken and the electrons are free to


move and carry charge



3) normally solids at room temperature - ions held in a fixed position by strong bonds



4) higher melting and boiling points - strong ionic bonds in a 3D crystal lattice that take much energy to


break




Covalent Bonding ✔️Between 2 non-metals



1) insoluble in water



2) brittle solids, liquids or gases at room temperature



3) don't conduct electricity when molten

,4) lower melting and boiling points - molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces that are


easy to break



Diatomic Gases: a nitrogen molecule has a triple bond, a carbon dioxide molecule has two double bonds,


an oxygen molecule has two double bonds.




Cation ✔️Positive Ion




Anion ✔️Negative Ion




Metallic Bonding ✔️An array of positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons. Most metals are hard and


have high melting points. Good conductors of heat. Malleable and ductile.




Solids ✔️Particles are closely packed in a regular structure. The only movement the particles have is


vibration.

, Liquid ✔️Particles are still mainly touching but some gaps have appeared. Liquids are usually less dense


that the solid.




Gas ✔️Particles are much further apart and there are almost no forces of attraction between them.




Changes of State ✔️Solid --> Liquid - Melting



Liquid --> Solid - Freezing



Liquid --> Gas - Boiling



Gas --> Liquid - Condensing



Solid --> Gas and Gas --> Solid - Sublimation




Diffusion ✔️The spreading out of particles in a gas or a liquid. The lighter the particles, the faster they


diffuse. This is demonstrated by the experiment with cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution at one

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