Exam (elaborations)
DNAP 706 Pharm Exam 4 (1)
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DNAP 706 Pharm Exam 4 (1)
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DNAP 706 Pharm Exam 4____ decreases activity, modulates excitement, and calms the patient. It occurs at
____ doses of sedative-hypnotics. - CORRECT ANSWER-sedation, low
all sedative hypnotics produce sleep at ___ doses - CORRECT ANSWER-high
the dose-dependent CNS depression that occurs with ____ sedative hypnotics
(barbiturates, alcohol) is linear - CORRECT ANSWER-older
Newer drugs such as _____ have non-linear dose-dependent CNS depression
(requires proportionately increased dose increments to get CNA depression), and
therefore a _____ margin of safety - CORRECT ANSWER-benzodiazepines, greater
____ is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS - CORRECT
ANSWER-GABA
Most GABAergic neurons are ____ - CORRECT ANSWER-interneurons
True or false: GABA neurons modulate the activity of other neuronal networks -
CORRECT ANSWER-true
_____ facilitates the conversion of glutamine to glutamate, and glutamate _____
facilitates the conversion of glutamate to ____ - CORRECT ANSWER-glutamate
synthase, decarboxylase, GABA
What breaks GABA down? What is the end product? - CORRECT ANSWER-GABA
transaminases, succinate semialdehyde
GABA produces effects by binding to 2 classes of receptors. What are they? What
type of receptors are they? - CORRECT ANSWER--GABA-A (chloride ion channel
receptor)
-GABA-B (G protein coupled receptor)
Binding of GABA to the GABA-A receptor leads to: - CORRECT ANSWER-influx of
chloride
,Are GABA-A receptors present synaptically or extra-synaptically? - CORRECT
ANSWER-both
synaptic GABA-A receptors mediate ____ neurotransmission, while extra-synaptic
GABA-A receptors mediate ____ - CORRECT ANSWER-phasic (fast), 'tonic'
inhibition (modulators)
Is there a fixed number of GABA-A receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER-no
What can regulate the number and composition of GABA-A receptors? - CORRECT
ANSWER-disease processes such as epilepsy
GABA receptor activation enhances ____ post-synaptic currents - CORRECT
ANSWER-inhibitory
How many subunits does a GABA-A receptor have? - CORRECT ANSWER-5
subunits
synaptic GABA receptors respond to ____ concentrations of GABA, while extra
synaptic GABA receptors respond to ____ concentrations of GABA - CORRECT
ANSWER-high, low
GABA-A subunits assemble to form a ___ channel - CORRECT ANSWER-chloride
There are currently ____ different GABA-A receptor subunits - CORRECT
ANSWER-19
Functional GABA-A receptors require the presence of at least ___ and ___ subunits,
generally combined with a ____ subunit - CORRECT ANSWER-alpha, beta, gamma
The most common GABA-A combination is: - CORRECT ANSWER-2 alpha, 2 beta,
and 1 gamma
There are no GABA-A receptors combining ____ and ____ subunits - CORRECT
ANSWER-gamma, delta
extra-synaptic GABA-A receptors contain a ____ subunit - CORRECT
ANSWER-delta
, subunit ____ is extremely important to drug/receptor binding interactions -
CORRECT ANSWER-composition
individual receptor _____ are responsible for specific drug effects - CORRECT
ANSWER-subunits
a1 subunits are responsible for what effects? alpha 2? - CORRECT ANSWER--alpha
1: sedation, anterograde amnesia
-alpha 2: anxiolysis
_____ was once commonly used as a sleep aid and sedative in pediatric procedures
but fell out of favor due to its narrow therapeutic index, carcinogenic metabolites, and
no reversal available - CORRECT ANSWER-chloral hydrate
barbiturates potentiate the actions of _____ at the receptor - CORRECT
ANSWER-endogenous GABA
how do barbiturates affect channel opening? - CORRECT ANSWER-increase mean
duration of channel opening, high (toxic) doses can directly open the channel in the
absence of GABA
barbiturates are classified based on: - CORRECT ANSWER-onset and duration of
action
Ultrashort acting barbiturates work in <___ min, have a short duration of action, and
are used as ____ - CORRECT ANSWER-60, IV anesthetic induction agents
What are examples of ultrashort acting barbiturates? - CORRECT
ANSWER-thiopental, methohexital
oral or IV sedative hypnotics such as secobarbital, pentobarbital, butabarbital, and
amobarbital are _____ acting barbiturates - CORRECT ANSWER-short to
intermediate
____ acting barbiturates such as phenobarbital, mephobarbital, and barbital are
used as ____ - CORRECT ANSWER-long, anticonvulsants
sedative-analgesics are prescribed for conditions such as: - CORRECT
ANSWER-severe tension, migraine, and post-dural puncture headaches
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