Exam (elaborations)
Final- 225- MSK- hammond drexel ace (1).
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- Millwright. Bearings
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- Millwright. Bearings
Final- 225- MSK- hammond drexel ace (1).
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Final- 225- MSK- hammond drexel aceDislocation - ANS-displacement of a bone from its joint
Articular structures - ANS-joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovium, synovial fluid,
intra-articular ligaments, juxta-articular bone
Extra-articular structures - ANS-periarticular ligaments, tendons, bursae, muscle, fascia, bone,
nerve, overlying skin
Ligaments - ANS-Connect bone to bone,
rope like bundles of collagen fibrils
tendons - ANS-Connect muscle to bone
collegen fibers
cartilage - ANS-A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of
bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
another type of collagen matrix;
facilitates smooth painless movement of joint
Bursae - ANS-pouches of synovial fluid that cushion the movement of tendons and muscles
over bone or other joint structures
In Synovial joints
ODisc-shaped synovial sacs
OAllow adjacent muscles, or muscles and tendons, to glide over each other
OLie between skin and convex surface of bone or joint
OLie in areas where tendons or muscles run against bone, ligaments, or other tendons or
muscles
3 types of joints - ANS-fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
Examination of joints - ANS-Support joint being examined
compare bilaterally
OSystematic Examination
OInspect joint symmetry, alignment, bony deformities
,OInspect and palpate
OBones, joints, surrounding tissues changes, nodules, muscle atrophy, crepitus.
OAssess for signs of inflammation, swelling, warmth, tenderness, redness
ORange of motion maneuvers to test joint function and stability.
OAssessment of range of motion and muscle strength
OPassive ROM
OActive ROM
Physical exam overall inspection - ANS-● Inspect overall body posture, ability to stand erect,
symmetry of body parts, & alignment of extremities
○ Assess posture
■ Note the body and head position
■ Check alignment and symmetry of shoulders,
■ Iliac crests, scapula- inspect front, back, and side.
■ Assess the spinal curvature
■ Have the patient stand upright with feet together. Note the position of the knees.
○ Gait, balance, coordination
○ Accuracy of movements, measure limbs
● Inspect size & contour of joints; skin overlying joints, muscles for color, swelling, masses or
deformity
● Inspect muscles for hypertrophy, atrophy, fasciculation & spasms
Physical exam overall palpation - ANS-Palpation
● Palpate all bones, joints, and surrounding muscles noting any heat, tenderness, swelling,
masses
● Note muscle tone
○ Muscle Strength
■ Test strength of prime mover muscle groups for each joint
■ Ask patient to flex muscle you indicate, then to resist when you apply opposing force against
flexion
■ Compare muscle strength bilaterally
● Palpate inflamed joints last
Physical exam prep - ANS-● Screening Examination
○ Inspection & Palpation of Joints
○ Observation of General ROM
○ Age Specific Screening
, ● Complete Examination → head to toe to prevent missing anything
● Orderly Approach
● Support Joint Being Examined
● Compare Corresponding Joints
Causes of joint inflammation**** - ANS-Causes of joint inflammation: (know these)
ORBI
Osteoarthritis: "wear and tear" arthritis, or degenerative
RA: autoimmune, body attacks own joint tissue
Bursitis: small, fluid-filled sacs called bursae (cushion the
bones), tendons/muscles near your joints
Injury: overuse, sports injury
Synovial joint - ANS-Freely movable joint containing a cavity filled with synovial fluid
OFreely movable
OCovered by articular cartilage
OSynovial cavity
OJoint capsule
OExample:
OKnee
OShoulder
Cartilage joint - ANS-connects at the end of a joint where two bones meet and acts as a cushion
OCartilaginous Joints
OSlightly movable
OFibrocartilaginous discs
ONucleus pulposus
OExample:
OVertebral column
Fibrous joint - ANS-immoveable and held together by ligaments only
ex. teeth in socket, head
OIntervening layers of fibrous tissue or cartilage hold bones together
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