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Neuron Physiology and Immune System Overview (1)

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Neuron Physiology and Immune System Overview (1)

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  • July 18, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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Neuron Physiology and Immune System
Overview
Pathogens - CORRECT ANSWER-Foreign agents that cause disease, our internal
environment is ideal for them

Innate Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Born with barrier defenses (prevents entry
of pathogens) and internal response activation, all plants and animals have it,
vertebrates --> innate immune system activates adaptive

Adaptive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Develops after exposure to pathogens,
specific response, unique to vertebrates

Exoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER-Physical barrier in invertebrates against
infections
Common in arthropods and most molluscs

Lysozyme - CORRECT ANSWER-Enzyme breaking down bacterial cell walls
(invertebrates)

Hemocytes - CORRECT ANSWER-Insect immune cells performing phagocytosis
and releasing antimicrobial proteins

Natural Killer Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Detect abnormal cells, release chemicals
causing cell death

Interferons - CORRECT ANSWER-Proteins interfering with viruses and activating
macrophages

Complement Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER-Activated by pathogen substances,
leading to invading cell lysis

Inflammatory Response - CORRECT ANSWER-Molecules (cytokines) released by
activated macrophages post-injury or infection, recruiting immune cells
- released histamine, phagocytic cells, enhanced blood flow helps deliver
antimicrobial proteins, accumulation of pus
- chronic inflammation can threaten human health

Fever - CORRECT ANSWER-- Systemic(/complication with) inflammatory response,
may enhance phagocytosis and tissue repair

, Septic Shock - CORRECT ANSWER-Life-threatening condition from overwhelming
inflammatory response

Antigens - CORRECT ANSWER-Substances eliciting B or T cell response, occurs
when a t or b cells binds to an antigen from an antigen receptor in the epitope

T-Cell Antigen Receptors - CORRECT ANSWER-Consist of alpha and beta
polypeptide chains, bind to antigens, the V regions of the alpha and beta chains
together form an antigen-binding site

MHC Molecules (major histocompatibility complex) - CORRECT ANSWER-Host
proteins displaying antigen fragments on cell surface, antigens cleaved in infected
cells then they present on their surface (Antigen presenting cell), t-cell then binds to
antigen fragment that is held by the MHC molecule

B-Cell Antigen Receptors - CORRECT ANSWER-Y-shaped molecules binding to
antigens, 2 identical heavy chain, 2 identical light chains

Antibodies - CORRECT ANSWER-Soluble proteins providing direct defense against
pathogens, b-cell is activated when it binds to an antigen

Clonal Selection - CORRECT ANSWER-B or T cell division to produce identical cells

Memory B-Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Long-lived cells producing effector cells
upon antigen re-encounter

Cell-Mediated Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Specialized T cells destroying
infected host cells, cytotoxic t-cells secrete toxic proteins to kill cell infected by
viruses or other pathogens

Cytotoxic T Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Secrete toxic proteins to kill infected cells

Helper T-Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Trigger antibody- and cell-mediated immunity
responses
- bind to: antigen on APC and the MHC molecule
- CD4 (accessory protein of helper T-cell) also binds MHC

Active Adaptive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Resistance built post-antigen
exposure
- could be natural (caught chicken pox) or artificial (from a vaccination)
- exposure to antigen results in an active, adaptive immunity response to improve
response times in the event of future infection

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