Exam (elaborations)
PCOL 838 Exam 1 (2).
PCOL 838 Exam 1 (2).
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PCOL 838 Exam 12 common vitro tests of coagulation - ANS-"sec req to form a clot"
-prothrombin time (PT)
-activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
-both use Ca++
3 Contributors to Thrombus - ANS-1. Decreased blood flow
2. vessel injury/inflammation
3. changes in intrinsic properties of the blood
=hyper coagulable states (Virchow triad)
3 main causes of thrombocytopenia - ANS-1. increased size of spleen or activity(hypersplenism)
2. on-going clotting
3. immune-mediated consumption caused by either drugs (most common)
ADA, PNP (autosomal) occurs when - ANS-Between stem cell and Pro-B/T
Adenosine deaminase deficiency - ANS-~20%
autosomal recessive
AIDS- what is required for viral replication - ANS-T cell activation
Amplification - ANS--Occurs on surface of platelets
1. Thrombin -> V, VIII, XI
2. XIa -> IX to IXa
Anemia - ANS-abnormally low red blood cell count; very common (erythrocytosis uncommon)
Classified by count, color, shape, size, MCV (mean corspuscular volume)
All lead to decreaed oxygen carrying capacity (fatigue, weakness, SOB, dyspnea on exertion)
anisocytosis - ANS-cells of unequal sizes
Antithrombin - ANS-protease inhibitor
-blocks the action of the serine proteases
-activity 2000 fold by heparin
aPTT - ANS-Intrinsic; non-TF dep and common pathways
-phospholipids activator
-abnormal when VIII or IX activities below 50%
Auto-antibody - ANS-Can bind to endothelial cells and cause injury; further increasing the risk of
local thrombosis by release of TF
, Average lifespan of mature neutrophil - ANS-12 hrs in blood
Average time for blood to clot - ANS-10-14 seconds
B Cells - ANS-Make antibodies
HRO: Cytokines
Basophils - ANS-Release histamines and immune reactions
HRO: Cytokines
Blast Crisis - ANS-Chronic myelogenous leukemia
1. Majority of both myeloid and lymphoid cells in the blood are affected
2. Identical gene rearrangement (bcr-abl/Philly chromosome), originated in a single abnormal
progenitor cell
3. bcr/abl fusion protein has enhanced tyrosine kinase activity that produces dysregulated
growth and neoplastic transformation of blood cells
Bone marrow cancers (metastases, leukemias) mechanism - ANS-Reduced site of leukocyte
development
Btk deficiency occurs when - ANS-Between Pre-B and Immature B cell
Causes for SCID - ANS-Deficiency of ADA, PNP, x-linked scid yc chain (only no T); autosomal
acid DNA repair defect
General susceptibility
CCR5 gene - ANS-C-C chemokine receptor type 5
Expressed on surface of immune cells; HIV-1 uses this to enter helper T cells; learning and
memory
Coagulation factor disorders - ANS--Quantitative
-Hereditary
Coagulation factors - ANS-"a"
-remain dormant until needed
-most made by liver except ...
Coagulation system - ANS--highly complex
-regulated interaction of cells and plasma
-End Result: formation of a complex of cross-linked fibrin molecules and platelets
Common variable immunodeficiency - ANS-Cause: Unknown, MCH linked
Defect: defective IgA and IgG production
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