Class notes

BIOL1218 Lab Midterm Notes

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Course
BIOL 1218 (BIOL1218)

Institution
Langara College ( )

Prepare for BIOL1218 with "Lab Midterm Notes". These notes are in question and answer format; perfect for active recall sessions. They're packed with all the necessary details, presented in a clear and friendly format. With helpful diagrams and photos, consider it your personal guide to mastering t...

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Uploaded on July 19, 2024
Number of pages 17
Written in 2021/2022
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Cam macdonald
Contains All classes

lab
biodiversity and conservation biology

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BIOL 1218 Lecture Notes and Lab Material 1-8

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BIOL 1218 Lab Notes 1
Property Lab Part 1

LAB 1: LIFE UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
DATE: January 12, 2022

What are the two types of microscopes (used in this lab)? What is common between the two? What is different about the two?

1. dissecting microscopes

2. compound microscopes

same: both use regular light to illuminate the specimen

different: the type of specimens you view on these microscopes are very different

What is the dissecting microscope used for?

to view larger, opaque, 3D objects

commonly used to search for specimens or for magnifying a dissection

typically have a lower maximum magnification than a compound microscope

the one in the lab has a max magnification of 40X

Where is the focus knob and what is its purpose?

a dial on the side of the stem

moves the lenses closer to or further away from the stage to give a clearer view

Where is the ocular lenses and what is its purpose?

the eyepiece

lenses through which you view the specimen

magnify 10X

Where is the objective lenses and what is its purpose?

lens and dial between the focus knob and ocular lenses

magnifies the specimen by 2X (low power) or 4X (high power)

Where is the stage and what is its purpose?

BIOL 1218 Lab Notes 1 1

, at the base of the microscope

the platform to place the specimen

What is the compound microscope used for? What other features does it have?

typically for smaller, see-through (or colourless) specimens (bacteria, sing-celled organisms, cell, or tissue samples)

has 4 objective lenses that magnify the specimen

How many ocular lenses does a compound microscope have?

two (for the ones at langara)

How many focus knobs does a compound microscope have?

two

1. coarse focus

2. fine focus

What is the magnification of objective lenses on a compound microscope?

4X (low)

10X (medium)

40X (high)

What is a condenser and iris diaphragm? Where are they located?

condenser contains lenses that focus the light rays from the light source onto the specimen

the iris diaphragm is within the condenser which opens and closes to control the amount of light going through the specimen

What are the 3 broad categories of Domains? What defines them?

1. Archaea

2. Bacteria

3. Eukarya

based on their evolutionary relationships which is reflected in fundamental similarities and differences in their cells

What are prokaryotic cells? What domain do they fall under?

cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

domains Archaea and Bacteria

What are eukaryotic cells? What domain do they fall under?

cell that have both nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

domains Eukarya

What are Archaea?

commonly found in extreme environments such as highly saline lakes or in high-temperature hydrothermal vents

look the same as bacteria, and can only be differentiated using molecular methods

What are Bacteria?

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

includes bacteria and cyanobacteria

ecologically function in a variety of ways

some bacteria form a mutualistic relationship with plants

What is a bacterial colony?

the result of a single bacterial cell dividing and producing many more identical bacterial cells

results in a cluster of cells that may be visible without a microscope

Since there are limited physical differences between bacterial species, how do we identify bacterium?

relies on biochemical and molecular methods

first step is to identify the basic shape of the cells

BIOL 1218 Lab Notes 1 2

, Why do cocci, bacilli, and spirilla bacterial cells have different colours from one another?

they’re either pink or purple

relates to the structure of their cell walls

What is cyanobateria?

photosynthetic bacteria that are typically larger than regular bacteria

they have photosynthetic pigments, but do not have chloroplasts (the organelle of photosynthesis found in plants)

What are eukarya?

encompasses all eukaryotic organisms

have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

What are the two basic forms of eukarya?

1. plant cells

2. animal cells

What is monophyletic?

a group that contains the ancestral form and ALL of its descendants

the term “protists” is still used informally as monophyletic

What are diatoms?

single-celled aquatic organisms found primarily in marine environments

usually planktonic — they drift in aquatic environments

What are phytoplankton?

diatoms and other photosynthetic members of plankton

they are primary producers — use photosynthesis to produce ~80% of the oxygen we breathe and form the basis for marine
food webs

live in shells made of silica (glass)

What are dinoflagellates?

a planktonic single-celled organism

some dinoflagellates are photosynthetic (photoautotrophic) and therefore phytoplankton

others consume other organisms for their energy (heterotrophic)

some can create light (bioluminescence — chemical reaction)

What are egulena?

single-celled organism that can perform photosynthesis and consume other creatures for energy

they move using a single flagellum at their terminal end

results in their corkscrew movement through the water

What are Paramecium?

protists that are strictly heterotrophic

the cilia that cover the surface of the cell allows rapid movement of the entire cell

also propels their prey of bacteria

they engulf their prey by the cell membrane and are digested inside the cell

move very quickly

What are the defining characteristics of plants?

differentiation of cells into distinct tissues

the ability to perform photosynthesis

except for a few species that digest decaying material directly or are parasitic

Why do plants perform photosynthesis?

BIOL 1218 Lab Notes 1 3

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