Exam (elaborations)
NUR 2060 Final Exam - Drug Specifics (1)
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- NR 667 VISE
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- NR 667 VISE
NUR 2060 Final Exam - Drug Specifics (1)
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NUR 2060 Final Exam - Drug SpecificsVitamin A - Retinol - ANS-Actions: eyes (adaptation to dim), embryogenesis, spermatogenesis,
immunity, growth, skin and mucous membranes
Sources: dairy products, meat, fish, darkly colored fruits and vegetables
Vitamin D - ANS-Actions: calcium and phosphorous metabolism
Deficiency: kids - rickets; adults - osteomalacia
Sources: exposure to sunlight, milk, dairy products, cereal
Vitamin E - Alpha Tocopherol - ANS-Actions: unknown; antioxidant, may have a role in
preventing CV disease and cancer
Sources: vegetable oils and whole wheat products
Vitamin K - ANS-Actions: synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors, coagulation of
blood, antagonist for oral anticoagulants (Warfarin)
Deficiency: bleeding
Vitamin C - Ascorbic Acid - ANS-Actions: synthesis of adrenal steroids, conversion of folic acid
to folinic acid, regulation of respiratory cycle in mitochondria, required for production of collagen,
antioxidant
Deficiency: scurvy
Sources: citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, strawberries, melons, spinach, broccoli
Niacin - Nicotinic Acid - ANS-Actions: used as medicine to reduce cholesterol levels, essential
for cellular respiration
Deficiency: pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, mental disturbances)
Sources: liver, poultry, fish, potatoes, peanuts, cereal
Thiamin - Vitamin B1 - ANS-Action: essential co-enzyme for carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency: beriberi (pain and paralysis of extremities, heart failure, severe weight loss),
common among alcoholics causing Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome
Sources: pork; enrichned, fortified or whole grain products, especially breads and cereals
Riboflavin - Vitamin B2 - ANS-Actions: an enzyme for multiple oxidative reactions
Sources: milk, yogurt, cheese, bread, fortified cereals
Pantothenic Acid - Vitamin B5 - ANS-Uses: acne, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis
Action: involved in oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, gluconeogenesis, synthesis and
degradation of fatty acids, synthesis of sterols, steroid hormones and porphyrins; also assists in
absorption of other B vitamins
Sources: variety of foods, deficiency is rare
, Pyridoxine - Vitamin B6 - ANS-Actions: metabolism of amino acids and proteins
Deficiency: peripheral neuritis (may be caused by isoniazid)
Sources: fortified, ready to eat cereals, meat, fish, poultry, white potatoes, starchy vegetables,
noncitrus fruits, organ meats
Cyanocobalamin - Vitamin B12 - ANS-Action: essential for DNA synthesis
Deficiency: megoblastic anemia (oversized cells in bone marrow that can't mature = anemia),
neurological damage to brain and spinal cord; usually need lifelong therapy
Routes: IM or SQ or intranasally
Sources: enriched grain products
Folic Acid - Folacin - ANS-Action: essential for DNA synthesis
Deficiency: megaoblastic anemia or other anemias, injury to oral and GI mucosa, fetal neural
tube defects (Spina bifida)
· Poor diet or malabsorption in alcoholism and sprue
Sources: enriched grain products
Pregnancy: must use in EARLY pregnancy, so for all women of childbearing years
Route: oral (folate)
Toxicity: not even in high doses
lyspro (Hymalog) - ANS-Must eat within 15 min
aspart (Novalog) - ANS-Administer 5-10 min before meal
glulisine (Apidra) - ANS-Administer 15 min before or 20 min after starting meal
regular (Humulin-R, Novolin R) - ANS-Route: sliding scale, IV
Onset 30-60 min, must eat soon
Clear, often mixed with intermediate or long acting
NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N) - ANS-Dose: sub Q, qd or bid ac - before breakfast, afternoon,
dinner and midnight
Cloudy, roll to mix without bubbles
Longer duration sustainable for mixing with short duration insulins
detemir (Levemir) - ANS-Dose: qd or bid, subQ
Slow onset nad long duration, duration is dose dependent (>dose = >duration)
Basal glycemic control
DO NOT MIX with other insulins; not given IV; need prescription
glargine (Lantus) - ANS-Dose: qday, bedtime
Up to 24 hours, no peak concentration so fewer hypoglycemic events and steady glucose state
ADR: hypoglycemia (rare), pain at injection site
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