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Biology 133 Exam 1 (1)
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Biology 133 Exam 1 (1)
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Biology 133 Exam 1Gene - ANS-segment of DNA that codes for production of a protein
Allele - ANS-variant of a gene
Sickle-cell anemia - ANS-caused by mutated gene that codes for a component of defective
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin - ANS-protein in red blood cells that allows oxygen to move around the body
DNA - ANS-ATGC double stranded
RNA - ANS-AUGC single stranded intermediary between genes and proteins
Chromosomes - ANS-long strand of DNA and proteins that contains many genes
How chromosomes do humans have? - ANS-46
Genome - ANS-all genes in cells of a particular type of organism
How many genes is the human genome - ANS-20,000
Genotype - ANS-alleles an organism contains
Phenotype - ANS-how alleles are expressed; what the organism looks like
Karyotype - ANS-chart that displays chromosome pairs in size order
How can we use a karyotype? - ANS-to discover genetic infrequencies and disorders
Gregor Mendel - ANS-studied traits determined by a single gene
Mendelian traits - ANS-one gene that causes a specific phenotype
Examples of Mendelian traits - ANS-sickle-cell anemia
cystic fibrosis
hemophilia
Multifactorial traits - ANS-a trait caused by one or more genes and the environment
Examples of multifactorial traits - ANS-height
, hair color
hypertension
breast cancer
diabetes
Genetic factors for breast cancer - ANS-BRCA1 and BRCA2
Non-genetic factors for breast cancer - ANS-late menopause, first child after 30, alcohol use,
hormone therapy, obesity
Syndrome factors for breast cancer - ANS-some breast cancers are related to other genetic
syndromes
Genetic testing - ANS-analysis of human DNA, RNA, chromosomes, proteins, etc.
Genetic Information Nondiscriminational Act (GINA) - ANS-Act of Congress in the United States
designed to prohibit the use of genetic information in health insurance and employment
Direct-to-consumer genetic tests - ANS-genetic tests that are marketed directly to consumers
via television, print advertisements, or the Internet, providing access to a person's genetic
information without necessarily involving a doctor or insurance company in the process
Macromolecules - ANS-proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
3 functions of enzymes - ANS-1. speed up reactions
2. structural support
3. control gene expression
Prions - ANS-known as rogue proteins and are the cause of "Mad Cow Disease"
Carbohydrates - ANS-long chain sugar molecules
3 functions of carbohydrates - ANS-1. energy for cell metabolism
2. structural support
3. cell identity
Lipids - ANS-fats
3 functions of lipids - ANS-1. provide energy as dietary fats
2. main component of cell membranes
3. hormones as chemical messengers
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