Geology Chapter 1 Quizlet Review Exam Questions And 100% Verified Correct Answers.

*1.1 Distinguish between physical and historical geology and describe the connections between people and geology. - correct answer Physical geology - examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the processes beneath the surface. Historical geology - understanding the origin of the Earth and its development over time People are effected by the geology of their areas. Like natural hazards can effect where people live (earthquakes, etc) 1.1 Name and distinguish between the two broad subdivisions of geology. - correct answer Physical geology - examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the processes beneath the surface. Historical geology - understanding the origin of the Earth and its development over time 1.1 List at least three different geology hazards - correct answer Volcanoes, floods, earthquakes 1.1 Aside from geological hazards, describe another important connection between people and geology - correct answer Resources - where there is good water and soil, a lot of metallic and nonmetallic resources, etc. *1.2 Summarize early and modern views on how change occurs on Earth and relate them to the prevailing ideas about the age of the Earth. - correct answer Early - rocks were created influenced by stars. Earthquakes happen when air collides with ground. Later, religious scholars thought the Earth was only a few thousand years old and things were shaped based on big disasters (the flood, etc) Then, in 1975, people realized that the rules have been the same in the past and present. Geological processes happen over long periods of time (uniformitarianism) 1. 2 Describe Aristotle's influence on geology - correct answer Aristotle's explanations may have been adequate for his day they unfortunately continued to be expanded for centuries thus thwarting the acceptance of more up-to-date accounts 1.2 Contrast catastrophism and uniformitarianism. How did each view the age of the Earth? - correct answer Catastrophism - belief that Earth's land were shaped by catastrophes (earthquakes and floods, etc) (young Earth 4004 BC) Uniformitarianism - that the things that happened in the past, happened over a very long time (and still happen today) and that's what formed all the land stuff that we have today (Earth is very old) 1.2 How old is the Earth? - correct answer 4.6 billion years 1.2 Refer to Figure 1.6 and list the eon, era, period, and epoch in which we live. **Figure 1.6 in 1.2 of your book - correct answer Phanerozoic eon, Cenozoic Era, Quaternary Period, Holocene Epoch 1.2 Why is an understanding of the magnitude of geologic time important for a geologist? - correct answer an appreciation for the magnitude of geologic time is important because many processes are very gradual. Things can happen and form over a very long period of time *1.3 Discuss the nature of scientific inquiry, including the construction of hypotheses and the development of theories. - correct answer Make careful observations and create explanations. After data is gathered, you form a hypothesis to test to explain. When only one hypothesis is left, that hypothesis becomes a theory. 1.3 How is scientific hypothesis different from scientific theory? - correct answer An hypothesis is something which you make out of your careful observation which everyone will agree easily. But that will become a theory only when it is proved practically with experiments. A hypothesis becomes a theory 1.3 Summarize the basic steps followed in many scientific investigations. - correct answer 1) A question is raised about the natural world. • 2) Scientific data that relate to the question are collected. • 3) Questions that relate to the data are posed, and one or more working hypotheses are developed that may answer these questions. • 4) Observations and experiments are developed to test the hypotheses. • 5) The hypotheses are accepted, modified, or rejected, based on extensive testing. 6) Data and results are shared with the scientific community for critical examination and further testing. 1.3 What explains the fact that continental drift is considered a hypothesis but plate tectonics is considered a theory? - correct answer Continental drift was the hypothesis, a lot of data was gathered around this hypothesis, this eventually led to plate tectonics (plate tectonics is the theory) *1.4 List and describe Earth's four major spheres. - correct answer Hydrosphere - mass of water, water system (lakes, oceans, etc) Atmosphere - Earth is surrounded by this gaseous entity Biosphere - all life on Earth, trees, people, etc Geosphere - the solid Earth (like rocks and stuff and stuff underground) 1.4 Compare the height of the atmosphere to the thickness of the geosphere. - correct answer the atomosphere is approx. 200m and the earth from crust to core is 6,400km 1.4 How much of Earth's surface do oceans cover? What percentage of Earth's total water supply do oceans represent? - correct answer 71%, 97% 1.4 To which sphere does soil belong? - correct answer Can be thought of as a part of all four The solid portion is a mixture of weathered rock debris (geosphere) and organic matter from decayed plant and animal life (biosphere). The decomposed and disintegrated rock debris is the product of weathering processes that require air (atmosphere) and water (hydrosphere). Air and water also occupy the open spaces between the solid particles. *1.5 Define system and explain why Earth is considered to be a system - correct answer System - a group of interacting, or interdependent parts that form a complex whole The different aspects of the Earth - like life, rocks, interior, atmosphere - all have effects on each other 1.5 List three examples of a system - correct answer Weather system, political system, city transportation system 1.5 What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system? - correct answer The Sun & Earth's Interior (like the Earth's core and stuff) 1.5 Predict how a change in the hydrological cycle, such as increased rainfall in an area, might influence the biosphere and geosphere in that area. - correct answer Increased rainfall could cause flooding of certain habitats (biosphere) or help more things grow (biosphere) and could also do things like cause mudslides and changes to the ground (geosphere) *1.6 Outline the stages in the formation of our solar system - correct answer Just know basics 1) Universe begins with the Big Bang 2) Solar system forms through nebular theory - big rotation cloud 3) Nebular cloud cools causing rocks and metals to condense into small particles 4) A bunch of collisions of these particles eventually form planets 1.6 List the inner planets and outer planets. Describe basic differences in size and composition. - correct answer Inner high temperatures and small - Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars Outer - larger colder gaseous planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune 1.6 Explain why density and buoyancy were important in the development of Earth's layered structure - correct answer Because higher density materials like nickel sunk to the center of the Earth. Then temperatures of the planet increased. Then things melted and then molten rock would rise to the surface (things that were lower in density). This molten rock was full of oxygen, silicon, etc. *1.7 Describe Earth's internal structure. - correct answer •Earth Core -Source of Internal Heat Engine •Mantel -Much less dense -Lower Mantel (Mesosphere) -Upper Mantel (Asthenosphere) •Lithosphere -Strong, cool, ridged outer shell of earth above asthenosphere -Includes oceanic and continental crusts (tectonic plates) 1.7 List and describe the three major layers defined by their chemical composition - correct answer Crust - continental crust and ocean crust - basalt Mantle - solid, lithosphere and asthenosphere Core - iron and nickel with a little oxygen, silicon, and sulfur 1.7 Contrast the lithosphere and asthenosphere - correct answer The Lithosphere is the tectonic plate and consists of crust (continental and oceanic), Moho line, Upper mantle rigid. The asthenosphere is where the convection currents drive the plates apart and consist of Upper Mantle flowing. *1.8 Sketch, label, and explain the rock cycle *Look at picture on Pg. 23 of your geology book - correct answer 1) Magma is formed under the Earth. 2) Magma cools and becomes solid. 3) Result are igneous rocks. 4) Igneous rocks are exposed to the surface, undergo weathering, and are slowly broken down and turn into sediment 5) Then the sediment becomes sedimentary rock 6) Then, it becomes metamorphic rock 1.8 List two rock characteristics that are used to determine the processes that created a rock. - correct answer Mineralogy - chemical compounds are formed with elements with the composition of a parent rock and the physical properties are minerals Texture - size, shape, and arrangement of minerals in a rock 1.8 Sketch and label a basic rock cycle. Make sure to include alternate paths - correct answer Just remember pieces of page 23 1.8 Use the rock cycle to explain the statement "One rock is the raw material for another" - correct answer Read below, but basically, know that certain rocks' materials end up being used to produce a new type of rock, in the next phase In short, the magma from which igneous rocks from may be produced when any rock is melted. Sedimentary rocks are formed from weathered products of preexisting rocks, whether igneous metamorphic, or sedimentary. Finally, metamorphic rocks are created when any rock type undergoes metamorphism. *1.9 List and describe the major features of the continents and ocean basins - correct answer Continents -Mountain belts: include circum-Pacific belt and the one that goes through the alps through Iran and the Himalayas -Ocean basins - abyssal plains: flat features; continental margin - seafloor adjacent to major landmasses; ocean ridges - elevated belts on the sea floor 1.9 Compare and contrast continents and ocean basins - correct answer Continents are flat and project above the level of the sea. Ocean floor is below the elevation of the continents Continents are made of granitic rocks Oceanic crust is made of basalt rock 1.9 Describe the general distribution of Earth's' youngest mountains - correct answer Young mountain belts tend to be long, narrow features at Margins of Continents 1.9 What is the difference between shields and stable platforms? - correct answer Shields - expansive, flat regions composed of mostly igneous and metamorphic rocks Stable platforms- very deformed rocks are covered by a thin layer of sedimentary rocks 1.9 What are the three major regions of the ocean floor, and what are some features associated with each? - correct answer Continental margin Shelf/slope; pretty steep drop-off Deep-Ocean Basin Seamounts: submerged volcanic structures that form long narrow chains Oceanic Ridges Layer upon layer of igneous rock