Exam (elaborations)
N450 final unit 10 (1).
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- N450 - Ch. 3 - Principles Of Geriatrics
N450 final unit 10 (1).
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N450 final unit 10Cancer - ANS-is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of
abnormal cells.
Who is at risk for cancer? - ANS-Age-Increased >65 yrs.
In people less than 85yrs, cancer is leading cause of death.
Gender- more in men then women
Men - prostate, lung, colon
Women - breast , lung, colon.
Cancer risk factors - ANS-Environment- Sun, occupational and geographic location
Genetics- Breast, colon, lung, ovarian, and prostate Tobacco- Most common cause of cancer in
the US
Alcohol
Diet
Stress
What race has the highest rate of cancer? - ANS-AA
What chemical agents cause cancer? - ANS-Agent orange, pesticides, herbicides, tobacco,
antineoplastic agents
What viral infections can cause cancer? - ANS-Epstein-Barr, genital herpes, HPV, Hep B, CMV,
HIV
What is the biology of cancer? - ANS-Two major dysfunctions in the process of cancer
development:
Defective cell proliferation (growth)
Defective cell differentiation
Normal cell proliferation indicates that ____ - ANS-All cells are controlled by an intracellular
mechanism that determines proliferation.
Under normal conditions, a state of dynamic equilibrium is constantly maintained (i.e., cell
proliferation equals cell degeneration or death).
Normal cells respect the boundaries and territory of the cells surrounding them. They will not
invade a territory that is not their own.
The neighboring cells are thought to inhibit cell growth through the physical contact of the
surrounding cell membranes.
Orderly process progressing from a state of immaturity to a state of maturity
Stable and will not change
, Defects in cellular proliferation - ANS-Cancer cells grown in culture are characterized by loss of
contact inhibition.
In contact inhibition, cancer cells have no regard for cell boundaries.
Grow on top of one another and on top of or between normal cells
Cancer cells respond differently than normal cells to intracellular signals regulating equilibrium.
Divide indiscriminately
Divide haphazardly
Can produce > 2 cells during mitosis
Cellular proliferation - ANS-A common misconception regarding the characteristics of cancer
cells is that the rate of proliferation is more rapid than that of any normal body cell. In most
situations, cancer cells proliferate at the same rate as the normal cells of the tissue from which
they originate.
In other tissues, such as myocardium and cartilage, cell proliferation does not occur or is slow.
Tissues where cell proliferation is rapid - ANS-In some tissues, such as bone marrow, hair
follicles, and epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the rate of cell proliferation is rapid
Tissues where cell proliferation is slow - ANS-tissues, such as myocardium and cartilage, cell
proliferation does not occur or is slow.
Two types of genes that can be affected by mutation are - ANS-Proto-oncogenes
Regulate normal cellular processes such as promoting growth
Proto-oncogenes are normal cell genes that regulate normal cell processes to keep them in
their mature, functioning state.
Tumor suppressor genes
Suppress growth
* Cancer involves the malfunction of genes that control differentiation and proliferation
Proto-oncogenes - ANS-Genetic locks that keep cells functioning normally
Mutations that alter their expression can activate them to function as oncogenes
occur through exposure to carcinogens or oncogenic viruses, genetic alterations and mutations
occur. - ANS-Unlocked
When proto-oncogenes are mutated, they can begin to - ANS-function as oncogenes
(tumor-inducing genes).
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