Exam (elaborations)
Counseling and Helping Relationships (1).
Counseling and Helping Relationships (1).
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Counseling and Helping RelationshipsSymptoms of professional burnout consist of fatigue, headache, insomnia, depression, anxiety,
or boredom, among others. When does burnout in counselors and helping professionals occur?
a. When countertransference is not managed
b. When counselors become desensitized to client issues
c When counselors are overworked
d. When clients regularly cancel or don't show - ANS-C: Although challenges with clients
(Choices A, B, and D) can contribute to counselor burnout, the main reasons for burnout are
overwork and lack of appropriate supervision
Robert Carkhuff wrote Toward Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy, a book wherein he
discovered that therapeutic interventions did not always have a long-term positive impact on
clients. Carkhuff also created a five-point empathy scale, designed to measure what?
a. Counselor's ability to accurately reflect
b. Effectiveness of counselor
c. Defensiveness of counselor
d. Adequate structuring of sessions - ANS-B: Effectiveness of a counselor. Carkhuff's scale
measured the degree to which a counselor was providing empathy, genuineness, concreteness,
and respect. The scale measures effectiveness but refers to how defensive a counselor is
toward a client.
Reflection is a practice where counselors acknowledge the meaning behind a client's words.
Why do counselors use reflection in sessions?
a. To help clients understand underlying emotions
b. To provide advice
c. To set goals for sessions
d. To allow for silence - ANS-A: To help clients understand underlying emotions. Reflection is
also referred to as "reflection of a feeling" and is used for counselors to indicate that they both
hear and understand the meanings and the emotions behind a client's words. Counselors do not
provide advice during reflection, but let the client know that they are being heard.
Carl Rogers believed three core conditions must exist for effective counseling. What are those
conditions?
a. Trust, empathy, and kindness
b. Empathy, positive regard, and kindness
c. Genuineness, trust, and congruence
d. Empathy, positive regard, and congruence - ANS-D: Carl Rogers developed the
person-centered approach to counseling, which stressed the importance of the counseling
relationship, as well as the need to evaluate therapy for effectiveness. Carl Rogers's three core
conditions for effective counseling were empathy, positive regard, and congruence
(genuineness).
,Positive interactions help develop the therapeutic relationship and encourage clients to meet
their goals. What are the four stages of a positive interaction in counseling?
a. Exploration, consolidation, planning, and termination
b. Initiation, clarification, structure, and relationship
c. Initiation, consolidation, planning, and termination
d. Exploration, clarification, planning, and relationship - ANS-A: The stages of a positive
interaction are exploration, consolidation, planning, and termination.
Stage one: Exploration of feelings and definition of problem: the counselor will use
rapport-building skills, define the structure of the counseling process and relationship, and work
with the client on goal-setting.
Stage two: Consolidation: The client integrates the information and guidance from the
counselor, allowing him or her to gain additional coping skills and identify alternate ways to
solve problems.
Stage three: Planning: The client begins employing techniques learned in counseling and
prepares to manage on his or her own.
Stage four: Termination: This is the ending of the therapeutic relationship, when the client feels
equipped to manage problems independently and has fully integrated techniques learned in
counseling.
Relationship building is the beginning process of the client-counselor relationship. What are the
phases of relationship building?
a. Introduction, goal setting, resistance, change
b. Initiation, clarification, structure, and relationship
c. Exploration, clarification, planning, and termination
d. Clarification, consolidation, structure, and relationship - ANS-B: The phases for relationship
building are initiation, clarification, structure, and relationship:
Phase one: initiation or entry phase: this is the introduction to the counseling process which sets
the stage for the development of the client/counselor relationship
Phase two: Clarification process: This phase defines the problem and needs for the therapeutic
relationship.
Phase 3: Structure phase: The counselor defines the specifics of the relationship, its intended
outcomes, and the responsibilities of both parties.
Phase 4: The client and counselor have developed a relationship and will work toward mutually
agreed-upon goals
, When does negative transference occur?
a. When counselors project feelings onto clients
b. When clients project feelings toward another person in the past onto the counselor
c. When multiple roles exist between a therapist and a client
d. When clients become angry or hostile toward counselors - ANS-D: Negative transference can
result in clients becoming angry and hostile toward the counselor. Although transference is an
essential part of psychoanalytic counseling, negative transference can be difficult to manage
and must be dealt with in order for therapy to progress.
What are the differences between substantive advice and process advice?
a. Substantive is non directive; process is directive
b. Substantive is directive; process in encouraging
c. Substantive is directive; process is empowering
d. Substantive is fact-based; process is feeling-based - ANS-C: Substantive advice can be
considered directive and may involve the counselor imposing his or her opinions on clients.
Process advice is more empowering and helps clients navigate options for solving their own
issues. In some situations, it may be appropriate for the counselor to offer process advice; it is
less likely that substantive advice should be given.
What are the four phases of a crisis as defined by Gerald Caplan?
a. Threat, escalation, resolution, follow-up
b. Threat, intervention, climax, resolution
c. Threat, rapport, strategy, treatment
d. Threat, escalation, acute crisis, climax - ANS-D: Caplan's phases are threat, escalation, acute
crisis, climax:
Initial threat or event, which triggers a response. The individual may be able to employ coping
skills or defense mechanisms to avoid a crisis.
Escalation, during which initial attempts to manage the crisis are ineffective and the individual
begins to experience increased distress.
Acute crisis phase, during which anxiety continues and may intensify to panic or a flight-or-fight
response. There are still attempts to problem-solve during this phase, and new tactics may be
used.
Climax of the crisis when solutions have failed; the individual may experience personality
disorganization and become severely depressed, violent, and possibly become suicidal.
Albert Roberts designed a seven-stage model to deal with a crisis and provide effective
intervention and support. What are the initial three tasks of Robert's seven-stage model of crisis
intervention?
a. Assessments, identifying problems, and referring out
b. Establishing contact, providing counseling, and referring out
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