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HIEU 202 The Age of Enlightenment
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HIEU 202 The Age of Enlightenment
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HIEU202
The
Age
of
Enlightenment:
Reason
&
Reform
(Chpt.
18)
&
The
French
Revolution:
The
Affirmation
of
Liberty
&
Equality
(Chpt.
19)
William
Hogarth
-
ANS-English
artist
noted
for
a
series
of
engravings
that
satirized
the
affectations
of
his
time
(1697-1764).
It
was
fashionable
to
make
fun
of
the
clergy
and
their
privileges.
The
Enlightenment
-
ANS-Characterized
as
the
Age
of
Reason,
more
accurately
described
as
an
age
of
criticism,
civility,
and
agitation
for
reform.
Began
in
the
late
seventeenth
century.
1)
Revulsion
against
monarchical
and
clerical
absolutism
(especially
as
practiced
by
Louis
XIV
in
France
2)
A
new
freedom
of
publishing
and
with
it
the
rise
of
a
new
public
and
a
secular
culture
(especially
in
England
and
the
Dutch
Republic
3)
The
impact
of
the
Scientific
Revolution,
particularly
the
excitement
generated
by
Newton's
Principia
(1687).
Produced
the
greatest
originality
in
modern
political
thought
witnessed
in
the
West
up
to
that
time.
Edict
of
Nantes
-
ANS-1598
-
Granted
the
Huguenots
liberty
of
conscience
and
worship.
Enlightened
Values
-
ANS-Rationality
&
Order
(imitative
of
the
order
found
in
Newton's
Universe)
-
proponents
sought
to
grant
an
ordered
freedom
to
social
and
political
institutions.
They
were
preparted
to
attack
in
print,
though
sometimes
anonymously,
the
attitudes
and
beliefs
that
stood
in
the
way
of
tolerance,
freedom,
and
rationality.
Referred
to
as
Philosophes.
Philosophes
-
ANS-French
word
for
"philosophers:
now
used
in
many
languages
to
describe
the
bold
and
witty
satirists
of
clergymen,
courtiers,
and
the
pious
in
general.
Voltaire
in
France,
Ben
Franklin
and
Thomas
Jefferson
in
America
and
Immanuel
Kant
(1724-1804),
an
abstract
philosopher
in
Germany.
Helped
shape,
if
not
define
modern
beliefs
in
tolerance,
human
rights,
and
free
speech.
The
Englightenment
Chronology
-
ANS-1685
-
Revocation
of
the
Edict
of
Nantes;
persecution
of
Protestants
in
France
1687
-
Publication
of
Newton's
Principia
1688-1689
-
Revolution
in
England:
the
clergy's
power
is
weakened
and
censorship
loosened;
James
II,
a
king
with
absolutist
ambitions,
is
sent
into
exile
in
France
1690
-
Publication
of
Locke's
Two
Treatises
of
Govt
1695
-
Publication
of
Locke's
Reasonableness
of
Christianity 1696
-
Toland's
Christianity
Not
Mysterious
make
the
case
for
deism
1717
-
Founding
of
the
Grand
Lodge,
London;
the
beginning
of
organized
Freemasonry
1719
-
Anonymous
publication
of
the
Treatise
on
the
Three
Impostors,
the
most
radical
text
of
the
period
1733
-
Voltaire
publishes
Letters
Concerning
the
English
Nation
1740
-
Frederick
the
Great
invades
Silesia;
the
War
of
the
Austrian
Succession
ensues
1748
Hume
publishes
An
Enquiry
Concerning
Human
Understanding;
Montesquieu
publishes
The
Spirit
of
Laws
1751
-
Publication
of
the
firs
volumes
of
Diderot's
Encyclopedia
in
Paris
1756-1763
Seven
Years'
War
1762
-
Rousseau
publishes
Emile
and
The
Social
Contract
1775
-
The
American
Revolution
begins
1776
-
Adam
Smith
publishes
The
Wealth
of
Nations
1785
-
Russian
Charter
of
Nobility;
the
servitude
of
the
peasants
is
guaranteed
1787
-
Dutch
Revolution
begins
1789
-
French
Revolution
begins
Immanuel
Kant
-
ANS-A
political
moderate
living
in
authoritarian
Prussia,
called
for
self-education
and
critical
thought
without
any
disruption
of
the
political
order,
at
least
at
home.
Distrusted
uneducated
people
and
sought
a
gradual
transformation
of
the
human
condition.
His
succint
definition
of
enlightenment:
bringing
"light
into
the
dark
corners
of
the
mind,"
dispelling
ignorance,
prejudice,
and
superstition.
Radical
Philosophes
-
ANS-Often
published
anonymously,
advocated
pantheism
or
materialism,
railed
against
the
power
of
the
clergy
and
attached
the
power
of
monarchies.
Thomas
Jefferson
(1743-1826),
Mary
Wollstonecraft
(1759-1797)
were
prepared
to
endorse
an
immediate
political
disruption
of
the
traditional
authority
of
monarchy,
aristocracy,
fathers
and
churchmen.
They
believed
in
new
science,
were
critical
of
clergy
and
all
rigid
dogma
but
tolerant
of
people's
right
to
worship
freely,
and
believed
deeply
in
freedom
of
the
press.
They
were
willing
to
entertain,
though
not
necessarily
accept,
new
heresies
such
as
pantheism,
or
the
belief
that
the
earth
had
gradually
evolved;
or
the
view
that
the
Bible
was
a
series
of
wise
stories
but
not
the
literal
word
of
God.
New
Science
-
ANS-Understanding
of
nature
put
in
place
by
Copernicus,
Galileo,
Descartes
and
Newton,
among
others.
Pantheism
-
ANS-The
belief
that
nature
is
the
same
as
God;
that
the
creator
and
the
creation
are
essentially
the
same
and
most
commonly
associated
with
the
seventeenth-century
philosopher,
Spinoza.
Center
of
Enlightenment
-
ANS-Paris
(by
the
1770s),
with
circles
found
in
Berlin,
Moscow,
Budapest,
London,
The
Hague,
and
across
the
Atlantic,
in
Philadelphia.
French
-
ANS-the
language
of
all
well
educated
Europeans
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