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CHEM 130 Chapter 4: Molecules and Compounds CA$9.42   Add to cart
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CHEM 130 Chapter 4: Molecules and Compounds
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  • Course
  • CHEM 130 (CHEM130)
  • Institution
  • University Of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Class notes for Chapter 4: Molecules and Compounds in the class General Chemistry: Macroscopic Investigations and Reaction Principles (CHEM 130) at the University of Michigan. Topics covered include chemical bonding, chemical formulas, molecular models, bonding, mathematical formulas relating to co...

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Document information

  • August 2, 2024
  • 20
  • 2022/2023
  • Class notes
  • Carol castaneda
  • All classes

Subjects

  • chemical bonds
  • bonds
  • chemical formulas
  • molecular models
  • lewis model
  • ionic bond
  • lattice energy
  • covalent bond
  • molar mass
  • organic compounds
  • nomenclature

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  • University Of Michigan - Ann Arbor
  • CHEM 130 (CHEM130)
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Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water
●Hydrogen is an explosive gas, oxygen is a gas in our atmosphere, and both have extremely low boiling points
●When you combine hydrogen and oxygen you get a very different substance with very different characteristics
●When two or more elements combine to form a compound, an entirely new substance results
●Most substances we see in daily life are compounds
●Compounds are made up of elements combined in fixed, definite proportions, whereas mixtures have elements mixed in any proportion randomly
○Hydrogen and Oxygen mixture → can have any ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, stays a gas
○Hydrogen and Oxygen bonded together → molecule → liquid water
Chemical Bonds
●Chemical Bond: force that holds atoms together in compounds
○Form to reduce the potential energy of charged particles in atoms
■Valence shell becomes filled → lowers potential energy
●Steps:
○When atoms approach each other the electrons of one atom are attracted to the nucleus of the other and vice versa
○Electrons and protons of each atom repel each other
○Complex set of interactions between many charged particles
○If these interactions → lower potential energy, a bond forms ●Ionic Bond: chemical bond between two oppositely charged atoms that are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces → ionic compound
○Metal and nonmetal combine
■Metals tend to lose electrons; nonmetals tend to gain
○Electrons are transferred between atoms
■The nonmetal “steals” the electron
○Crystal lattice structure
●Covalent Bond: chemical bond between two atoms that share electrons that interact w both nuclei, lowering potential energy of both through electrostatic
interactions → molecular compound
○Nonmetal and nonmetal
■Nonmetals have high ionization energy → hard to take away electrons
○Electrons shared between nuclei
○Molecule structure A —- B
●Lattice Energy: E for the process where gas phase ions form a crystalline lattice of 𝚫
alternating cations and anions
○Large negative → large release of energy
○Lattice energy: kQ1Q2 / r
■Q1 and Q2 are charges
■r is distance between ions
○When comparing compounds, lattice energy is more negative for the compound with larger charges and/or smaller radii
Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models
●Chemical Formula: symbolic representation of a compound that indicates the elements present in the compound and the relative number of atoms of each
○Contains the symbol for each element and a subscript indicating relative number of atoms of each element
○Usually list more metallic/positive element first
○EX: H2O, NaCl, CO2
Types of Chemical Formulas ●Empirical Formula: simplest whole number ratio of the atoms
○Indicates relative number of atoms of each element
○EX: water = H2O, hydrogen peroxide = HO ●Molecular Formula: exact, actual number of each atom in the molecule
○EX: water = still H2O, hydrogen peroxide = H 2O2
○Molecular formula always a whole-number multiple of the empirical formula
●Structural Formula: shows connectivity of atoms and may include geometry information
(how they are bonded together)
●Single, Double, Triple Bonds: how many pairs of shared electrons
○Double bonds generally shorter and stronger than single bonds
Molecular Models
●Molecular Model: more accurate/complete way to specify a compound
●Ball-And-Stick Model: representation of the arrangement of molecules, represents atoms as balls and bonds as sticks
○Balls color-coded to specific elements
■Typically, C is black, H is white, N is blue, O is red
●Space-Filling Model: atoms fill the space between each other
○More closely represents estimate for how molecule may appear if scaled to visible size

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