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Hunter College- Biol 100 Samantha Sheppard-Lahiji : Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Notes CA$22.26   Add to cart
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Hunter College- Biol 100 Samantha Sheppard-Lahiji : Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Notes
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  • Course
  • Biol 100
  • Institution
  • Hunter College - Cuny
  • Book
  • Biology

Comprehensive and detailed notes covering Chapter 5 of Biology 100 at Hunter College. Perfect for students seeking a deeper understanding of the material. Based on Professor Sheppard's slides - Everything said in her voice recordings is written in my notes!

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  • August 3, 2024
  • 27
  • 2024/2025
  • Class notes
  • Samantha sheppard-lahiji
  • All classes

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  • hunter college
  • biology 100
  • samantha sheppard lahiji
  • chapter 5
  • the structure and function of large biological mol

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Chapter 5 : The Structure and function of
large biological molecules

·


biological
Many ge macromolecules are capable of forming polymers -




exampl ee
Macromolecules > Those that are
forming polymers
-




money
g
polymers
linear
· The
examples
nature of
:
Carbohydraes proteins
a
,




polymer (longer structure
,
nucleic acids

made up of
many repeating subunits) is

subunit)
dictated
by the nature of a monomer
(single .




· When we're
building up those polymers we do this through chemical
,
rxns


called dehydration rxns/dehydration Synthesis/condensation reactions
Tons of diversity OR break those
seen we can polymers down
through hydrolysis reactions-
·
·
,



whether it's linear
branching size
-

, ,




In order to build up so for
large biological molecule
a
·

,



the process of synthesizing polymer -> we
a would

utilize a
dehydration reaction.

↳ occurs when monomers or smaller


portions of subunits bond together

through the loss of a water

molecule
.

·
Results in a covalent bond in its

place.
trimer -
> monomerithe And when it comes to that covalent bond formation
-
·




we will do so at the removal of a
hydroxyl group
and a
Hydrogen atom
.


·
Hydrolysis reactions can be used to
generate monomers or So ,
every subunit joined together results in the formation

smaller components of of water molecule
a
polymer a
. .




·

Dehydration Synthesis and hydrolysis are not just relegated to .
In order to facilitate this process, we would want

polymers. Same events take place in
large biological molecules to utilize an example of a large biological molecule

that not adhere to the definition of
d a
polymer .
called an
enzyme.
&Moleculesthatareneededohelp a
another in order to ensure correct bonds
+ broken

, ·

By analyzing the cells of different species ,


researchers have learned that all forms of life have
fall
organic molecules and large biological molecules that

into several properties.
↳Chemical & biological properties .




Amount of molecules find
·


biological we within a


particular between cells
organism can
vary
molewles,
Think about what
large biological
E
·



this
-


may
have a particular biological moleate more than another
we see

polymers you see. variation all be found in much higher concentrations
may
-




aross species
·

How would you expect to take the large compared to another

biological molecules and break them down what would ,
· When it comes to polymers their
stability is variable between ,




it
yield ? one another , so some
may
be all about
being able to

maintain structural of while others
integrity something
may be built up with the sheer
Purpose of being broken

back down as a source of
again energy
.


·

Carbohydrates >
-

example of macromolecule
↳ include sugars ,
and the
polymers of sugars ,
and its

loosely defined as molecules that contain carbon ,




SimplestCarbohydrate simples
ratio of 1 :
as
Hydrogen , and
Oxygen in a 2: .
1




There's an abundance of carbon-hydrogen bonds that

are seen within carbohydrates
These C-I bonds make ideal for
C an use
-
monosaccharides to generate
·


Carbohydrates energy
and that be released oxidation
Polysacharides
storage energy can
during .




↓
· So ,
Carbohydrate macromolecules are
polysacharides. loss of elections

those of
So will be
your polymes composed many sugar
These classified their location of the building blocks.
sugars can be
by
·




=O
.
group
also be defined # of carbons
they can by
· or .


Most of discussion
our is on
glucose
· .

, J
· We have a
straight chain here but
offentimes when glucose is placed in an
aqueous environment,
?
L

observe a formation.
ring
we


go from linear to form important.
·


knowing we can
ring
is

When it comes to of
·



glucose it has a multitude energy-
to the position of the
Storing C-H bonds and when it comes

C =0 once it becomes structure , that does matter for us !
ring
,
a


↑ So , that allows for
glucose to exist in 2 different forms
o-glucose
alpha glucose wh the position of and It
being the key
-


off
group
·




Glucose in difference between If they switched
an
aqueous environment , how it responds or component to distinguish
·
.




is utilized within a cell which is an
ageous environment Positions, that would be the beta form
.


will exist in form
a
ring
·
.



alpha form if it it would be beta
Showing us was opposite .
·

,




Monosacharides for the
·
can serve as
building blocks
formation of longer structures like that of disacharides,

but also things like olygosacharides ,
which means that

14
the subunits pieced together are more than
I but less than

A
what we define as
many , or
poly and
,
this value can
release of water

fluctuate from book to book .




·
The result is going to allow for the
Release of water & formation of
7
, a
glycosidia linkage
This event will occur in the presence of an
enzyme
and that will allow for these components found within
For formation of sucrose we are
,
using two
different each respective glucose to dissociate .




monosaccharides so we have glucose & Fructose
·
But we still have a reaction in which the

hydroxyl groups are
going
to provide unequal amounts

Lo connects
one will provide a
hydroxyl the entire OH
group the bund that
covalent
other provides to another
Hydrogen) -T a sugar
water and the promotion of molecule
·



generation of
a
glycosidic linkage.
·
difference blu 1-y glycosidic linkage& 1-2 just has to do
with the position the components are found in each Sugar .

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