BCN Questions and answers 100% Correct

BCN Questions and answers 100% Correct Who was the first to record EEG in humans? Hans Berg EEG biofeedback is employed to modify the electrical activity of which nervous system? Central Joe Kamiya's work was focused on training which frequency band? Alpha Barbara Brown trained subjects in which type of biofeedback? Visual Neil Miller's work with animals demonstrated the operant conditioning of what? Internal, autonomically regulated physiological processes *blood pressure *cardiac function *intestinal activity Barry Sterman's research with cats led to the first clinical application of neurofeedback for which disorder? Seizures What is another name for the sensory strip? The central strip Who is credited with the development of alpha-theta training? Elmer and Alyce Green The Peniston-Kulkosky protocol involved temperature training and what type of EEG-biofeedback? Alpha-theta Joel Lubar took the word of Barry Sterman with seizure patients and expanded it to people with what? ADHD Loreta refers to an algorithm estimate of what? The location of underlying brain generators Sue and Siegfried Othmer's approach to neurofeedback is called what? Infra-low frequency training In classical Pavlovian condition a conditioned stimulus is paired with what? A neutral stimulus During the instrumental or operant conditioning, a behavior is reinforced in order to do what? Increase the behavior Shaping is defined as what? An operant procedure where successive approximations toward a final desired behavior are reinforced Long-term potentiation at the synaptic level is facilitated by what? Operant conditioning Negative reinforcement involves what? Escaping a negative consequence Long-term potentiation is defined as a persistent what? Strengthening of synapses What training factors can affect the brain's response to the training? Frequency of training, length of training, and challenge or demand of training Who was the first to show that humans were able to self-regulate brainwave activity? Kamiya What assumption is most relevant to feedback on control of biological systems? Everyone has an individual stress response What part of the brain is most associated with emotional response? Amygdala Which area of the brain is where the stress response is thought to be turned off? Hippocampus Regulation of the stress response is forced to occur mainly in what area? Parietal lobes The autonomic nervous system is comprised of what? Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches Is the male brain heavier or lighter than the female brain? Heavier What are the two basic types of brain cells? Neurons (primary signaling) and glia cells (support neurons) Brain information travels up to what speed? 268 miles per hour The three pathway units in a neuron are what? Axon, dendrite, myelin sheath The basic chemicals involved in depolarization and hyperpolarization are what? Sodium and potassium Depolarization makes the membrane potential what? Less negative An inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP) occurs when what? An action potential ends in an inhibitory synapse A primary function of the executive network is to switch between the salience and default mode networks - true or false? False An action potential consists of what? Rapid depolarization followed by repolarization Long term potentiation (LPT) is considered a primary mechanism of what? Underpinning learning and memory The synchrony of the EEG rhythm of the two hemispheres becomes detectable around what time? The 34th week of gestation What are considered the four lobes of the brain? Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital A primary function of the reticular activating system (RAS) is to what? Activate brain activity in general Brodmann areas are based on what? Cytoarchitectural organization of neurons (i.e., cellular composition) The orbito-frontal prefrontal cortex is primarily involved in what? Affective evaluation The frontal lobes are the largest of the four lobes and responsible for many different functions - true or false? True What area of the brain is responsible for receiving and processing information from the body? Somatosensory cortex Somesthetic area Somatic sensory area What area is most responsible for facial recognition? T4 Inefficiency of the occipital lobes may result in what? Loss of vision, visual deficits The cingulate gyrus is located where? Just below the cortex Inefficiency of the right hemisphere is associated with what? Aggressive behavior Inefficiency of the limbic system is associated with what? Loss of control of emotions Data derived from the qEEG to determine the presence of dysregulation is what? Spectral analysis, absolute / relative amplitude within a frequency, coherence The three basic types of neurons are what? Sensory, motor, relay Electrodes convert biological signals like the EEG into currents of what? Electrons What is resistance measured in? Ohms Clinicians perform an impedance test to do what? -Measure a complex form of resistance -Determine if the electrode is attached properly -Ensure the presence of a strong biological signal A good rule of thumb when checking impedance is what? Do not exceed 5 khoms and be balanced within 1 khoms between sites What does a modern amplifier process? The signal difference between two inputs Filters serve what functions? -Suppressing unwanted frequency ranges -Selecting specific frequency ranges for viewing Is having a good ground important for what? -Safety -Reducing resistance -Reducing artifacts in signals What is the Nyquist Theorem? In order to accurately and precisely measure a sample, the sampling rate should be twice that of the highest frequency. For example, in isokinetic testing, if the device moves at a rate of 200deg/sec, we would want the machine to draw samples at a rate of 400Hz. The analysis of the EEG is an analysis of what? Time series Typical data derived from the EEG includes what? -Spectral analysis -Absolute and relative amplitude -Coherence Signals are coherent when the difference in magnitude between two signals is what? Stable A bipolar placement is where what? Each of the two electrodes is located in an active site on the scalp The 10-20 system is what? An international system of electrode placement fMRI works by detecting what? Blood oxygen levels and flow An EEG yields _________ temporal resolution and ________ spatial resolution Excellent temporal solution and poor spatial resolution Muscle, EKG and eye-movement are examples of what? Physiological artifacts The four basic categories of cerebral oscillations are what? -Delta -Theta -Alpha -Beta In adults, excess Delta activity has been shown to increase with what? -Proximity to brain lesions and tumors -Deep sleep -Anesthesia The two different types of theta have been described as what? -Widespread scalp distribution theta -Frontal midline theta Generally speaking in adults, alpha rhythms show their greatest amplitude when / where? -Over posterior regions -During resting periods -When the subject closes their eyes Beta activity typically replaces which frequency activity during cognitive challenge? Alpha Is the SMR rhythm localized predominantly over the pre-motor cortex? No What is a good conductor of electricity? Metal Biological signals like EEG and EMG travel through what? Interstitial fluid One of the main criticisms body of research in support of neurofeedback is what? Too few studies with randomized controlled trial Has the amount of research being published regarding Neurofeedback has been steadily increasing in recent years? Yes Research has been published involving Neurofeedback for what diagnostic categories? -ADHD -Tourette's -Epilepsy -Anxiety -Depression -Addictive disorders -PTSD The "Penniston Protocol" for addiction/PTSD uses what form of EEG biofeedback? Alpha/theta training The Scott-Kaiser revision of the Penniston protocol involved what revision? Substitute beta/SMR training for temperature training In the 2002 Monastra research how did the Neurofeedback group differ from the medication group once Neurofeedback training stopped in medication was discontinued? Only the neurofeedback group maintained the gains they had made What significant findings emerged in the Levesque and Beauregard study after Neurofeedback training? -Significant differences between the neurofeedback and control group on free post measures -Increased activation in brain areas as measured by fMRI The research that found increased gray matter in subjects who had received Neurofeedback training involved which research groups? Experimental, sham and control Level I - best support has been given to Neurofeedback for what? Attention and hyperactivity bx In 2005 child and adolescent psychiatric clinics America found that EEG biofeedback met the criteria for clinical guidelines for the treatment of what? -ADHD -reading disabilities -anxiety / depression -seizure disorders -addictive disorders The most significant research support for neurofeedback exists for what? -ADHD -seizure disorders -addictive disorders -PTSD In regards to psychopharmacology, the EEG is recognized as being what? A non-invasive tool that can be used to evaluate the effects of drugs The most common drug effect on the EEG involves what? Excess beta activity and a mild theta increase Principle changes in the EEG due to drugs include what? -Epileptiform activity -Increased theta and delta Acute withdrawal of alcohol may elicit what? Bursts of spikes and polyspikes In general, standard anti-epileptic drugs are known to do what? Increase power in the theta and delta bands Typical antipsychotics are known to increase alpha activity and ________? Decrease percent time of beta