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APSC 151 Week 2-Surface and Crust Dynamics, Secondary Materials Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions CA$19.52   Add to cart
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APSC 151 Week 2-Surface and Crust Dynamics, Secondary Materials Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
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APSC 151 Week 2-Surface and Crust Dynamics, Secondary Materials Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

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  • August 4, 2024
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APSC 151 Week 2-Surface and Crust Dynamics, Secondary Materials Exam | Questions &
Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded
Answers | With Expert Solutions

Extrusive igneous rock - - Form when magma solidifies at the surface

- Can be explosion or flowing

*Features*:

- Lava flows Fluid, viscous, or sluggish (Ex. Central Chilean Andes) - Fissure eruptions

- Volcanoes (many different types) Volcanic ash, lava, volcanic tuff (pyroclastic flow) ("tuff" layers in a
tunnel)

-. ex*rhyolite, andesite, basalt, komatilite*



intrusive igneous rock - - Form at depth from magma that crystallizes slowly

- Not lava but called *plutonic rocks*

- A large body of intrusive rock is called a *pluton*

-- Formed at great depth and later exposed at surface by erosion (Ex. Stawamus Chief Squamish, BC)

-ex. *granite, diorite, gabbro, peridotite*



batholith - Regional scale intrusive body from main mantle - Yosemite (Sierra Nevada batholith)



laccolith - Local intrusive body with other rocks below (fed by dykes or sill)

- Devils Tower (Wyoming) - Mont Royal (Montreal) and the Montreregian Hills, Quebec

- Torres del Paine, Chile



sills - sheetlike intrusions that are oriented parallel to previous rock units

- Dark sill of Gabbro, Brock River (NWT)

- Mount McKay eroded sill (thunder bay ON)



dykes - - Dyke intruding ash layers (New Zealand)

- Volcanic dykes in sedimentary rock (Scotland)

,melt - (component of magma)

- A liquid portion composed of mobile ions



solids - (component of magma)

- If any, are silicate minerals that have already crystallized from the melt



volatiles (gases dissolved in the melt) - (component of magma)

- Include water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2)

- Volatiles make magma lighter (so it rises)



melting - - Confining pressure drops slightly

- Temperature increases slightly

- Volatiles (fluids, gases) are introduced



divergent plates - where the greatest amount of igneous activity occurs



geothermal gradient - temperature increases within Earth's upper crust. (average 25C per km)

- Rocks in the lower crust and upper mantle are near their melting points



decompression melting - melting due to a drop in confining pressure that occurs as rock rises



crystallization - cooling magma results in the systematic arrangement of ions into crystal structures

- Silicon and oxygen atoms link together to form silicate minerals

- A single volcano may extrude different lava compositions



magmatic differentiation - formation of one or more secondary magmas from a single parent magma

- Magma content evolves during eruption or crystallization

, mafic (basaltic) magma - low silica content, low viscosity (thin and runny), higher temperature

- Primary magmas - mafic magmas that originate from direct melting of mantle rock (peridotite) usually
in ocean ridges

- High composition of DARK (ferromagnesian) silicates *Pyroxene, Ca-plagioclase Feldspar, olivine,
amphibole, basalt, gabbro*

- Flowing lava; can travel long distances

- Shield volcanoes, basalt plateaus



Andesitic/felsic Magma - - Found only within continents (normally at margins)

- Mixing of mafic magma and melted continental crust

- High composition of light (non ferromagnesium) silicates *Quartz, mica, Na-plagioclase feldspar,
granite, K-orthoclase feldspar, rhyolite*

*FOR FELSIC (RHYOLITIC) LAVAS:*

- shorter, thick flows & explosive

- volcanic domes, pyroclastic flows



bowen reaction series - N.L. Bowen demonstrated that as a magma cools, minerals crystallize in a
systematic fashion based on their melting points



Felsic Composition (granitic/rhyolite) - - Composed of light-coloured silicates

- Rich in silica (SiO2) ~ 70%

- Major constituents of continental crust

- melts at lowest temperatures

- increased potassium and sodium

-*ex. K-feldspar, quartz, muscovite mica*



intermediate composition (andesitic/diorite) - - feldspar and amphibole gives salt and pepper look

- Contain at least 25% dark silicate minerals

- Associated with volcanic activity on continental margins

ex. *amphibole, plagioclase feldspar*

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