Study guide

Our Home Planet: ESS105 Study Guide

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Course
ESS105 (ESS105)

Institution
University Of Toronto (U Of T )

Complete study guide for Our Home Planet ESS105; these documents contains detailed notes and diagrams/figures to go along with the notes. Included are also study questions and highlights of the most important topics. Bonus: I received an 87% (4.0 GPA) in this course using these notes.

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Uploaded on October 13, 2019
Number of pages 27
Written in 2018/2019
Type Study guide

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Lecture 1: Earth Science
The Nature of Geology
 Geology influences where we live (e.g. Living near volcanic eruptions may seem counterintuitive but ash
provides fertilization for adjacent land)
o Streams: flood hazard, water supply, soil nutrients, etc.
o Too close to mountains = landslides and some slopes are too steep to build on
 There is evidence of past global climate change because we can see the change in extent of glaciers and ice sheets
(related to sea levels)
 Fe mines in very old rock due to severe change in earths atmosphere while Cu mines are in younger rocks related
to mountain building
Inside the Earth
 The earth is broken up into 3 main layers and these layers are defined by their compositions:
1. Crust: the crust is the highest layer and is split into;
i. Continental crust: thicker & less dense
ii. Oceanic crust: thinner and more dense
2. Mantle: the mantle is the thickest layer and is split into upper and lower mantle
3. Core: the core is the deepest layer and is made of Fe-Ni molten in the outer core and solid inner core
Physical Properties to Consider
 The lithosphere consists of the crust and upper mantle while the
asthenosphere is the lower mantle
o The asthenosphere is hot, weak, and mostly solid so it can
flow a little bit
 Some regions are higher than others because of the relative thickness
of crust (e.g. Thicker crust will protrude more at top and bottom)
o The relationship between crustal thickness and elevation is
called isostasy
 Isostasy if affected by both the thickness and density of the crust
Atmosphere and Earth's Surface
 Atmosphere blocks some light and UV, sun's energy converted into IR is also blocked by atmosphere
 Land and sea absorb heat
 Moreover, different environments form different materials (e.g. Rocks formed in normal surface environments are
sedimentary rocks)
 At steep mountain front: Sediment is large, angular, poorly sorted = formed by breaking away from bedrock and
moved downhill under influence of gravity
 At sand dunes: Sediment is sand sized and well sorted since sand moved by wind because wind cannot pick up
larger particles
 At beach: sediment is rounded
Rock Formation
 Igneous rocks: formed from magma
 Metamorphic rock: rocks altered by pressure and/or
heat
 Other rocks formed in hot or deep conditions (e.g.
Precipitation from hot water creates hydrothermal rock)
 Weathering: various mechanical and chemical
processes that cause exposed rock to decompose
 Erosion and transport: rock/land is worn away
through water, wind, etc. And moved elsewhere
 Deposition: where the rock ends up/settles
 Uplift: processes involved in mountain building
 Burial: covering over of sediment by more and more
layers, leading to compaction and cementation of grains

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