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TEST BANK - CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE, 9TH EDITION (DES JARDINS, 2024), CHAPTER 1-45 | ALL CHAPTERS

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TEST BANK - CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND
y y y y y



y ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE, 9TH EDITION
y y y y y



(DES JARDINS, 2024), CHAPTER 1-45 | ALL CHAPTERS
y y y y y y y y




Chapter 01: The Patient Interview
y y y y


Des Jardins: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Respiratory Disease, 8th
y y y y y y y y y

Edition
y




MULTIPLE yCHOICE

1. The yrespiratory ycare ypractitioner yis yconducting ya ypatient yinterview. yThe ymain ypurpose yof
ythis yinterview yis yto:

a. review ydata ywith ythe ypatient.
b. gather ysubjective ydata yfrom ythe ypatient.
c. gather yobjective ydata yfrom ythe ypatient.
d. fill yout ythe yhistory yform yor ychecklist.
ANS: y B
The yinterview yis ya ymeeting ybetween ythe yrespiratory ycare ypractitioner yand ythe ypatient. yIt yallows ythe
ycollection yof ysubjective ydata yabout ythe ypatient’s yfeelings yregarding yhis/her

condition. yThe yhistory yshould ybe ydone ybefore ythe yinterview. yAlthough ydata ycan ybe yreviewed,
ythat yis ynot ythe yprimary ypurpose yof ythe yinterview.




2. For ythere yto ybe ya ysuccessful yinterview, ythe yrespiratory ytherapist ymust:
a. provide yleading yquestions yto yguide ythe ypatient.
b. reassure ythe ypatient.
c. be yan yactive ylistener.
d. use ymedical yterminology yto yshow yknowledge yof ythe ysubject ymatter.

ANS: y C
N R I G B.C M
y y y y y
Uytherapist
The ypersonal yqualities ythat ya yrespiratory yS yN yT O
ymust yhave yto yconduct ya ysuccessful yinterview yinclude

being yan yactive ylistener, yhaving ya ygenuine yconcern yfor ythe ypatient, yand yhaving yempathy. yLeading
yquestions ymust ybe yavoided. yReassurance ymay yprovide ya yfalse ysense yof ycomfort yto ythe ypatient.

yMedical yjargon ycan ysound yexclusionary yand ypaternalistic yto ya ypatient.




3. Which yof ythe yfollowing ywould ybe yfound yon ya yhistory yform?
1. Age
2. Chief ycomplaint
3. Present yhealth
4. Family yhistory
5. Health yinsurance yprovider
a. 1, y4
b. 2, y3
c. 3, y4, y5
d. 1, y2, y3, y4
ANS: y D
Age, ychief ycomplaint, ypresent yhealth, yand yfamily yhistory yare ytypically yfound yon ya yhealth yhistory
yform ybecause yeach ycan yimpact ythe ypatient’s yhealth. yHealth yinsurance yprovider yinformation, ywhile

,needed yfor ybilling ypurposes, ywould ynot ybe yfound yon ythe yhistory yform.

4. External yfactors ythe yrespiratory ycare ypractitioner yshould ymake yefforts yto yprovide yduring
yan yinterview yinclude ywhich yof ythe yfollowing?

1. Minimize yor yprevent yinterruptions.
2. Ensure yprivacy yduring ydiscussions.
3. Interviewer yis ythe ysame ysex yas ythe ypatient yto yprevent ybias.
4. Be ycomfortable yfor ythe ypatient yand yinterviewer.
a. 1, y4
b. 2, y3
c. 1, y2, y4
d. 2, y3, y4
ANS: y C
External yfactors, ysuch yas ya ygood yphysical ysetting, yenhance ythe yinterviewing yprocess. yRegardless yof
ythe yinterview ysetting y(the ypatient’s ybedside, ya ycrowded yemergency yroom, yan yoffice yin ythe yhospital yor

yclinic, yor ythe ypatient’s yhome), yefforts yshould ybe ymade yto y(1) yensure yprivacy, y(2) yprevent

yinterruptions, yand y(3) ysecure ya ycomfortable yphysical yenvironment y(e.g., ycomfortable yroom

ytemperature, ysufficient ylighting, yabsence yof ynoise). yAn yinterviewer yof yeither ygender, ywho yacts

yprofessionally, yshould ybe yable yto yinterview ya ypatient yof yeither ygender.




5. The yrespiratory ytherapist yis yconducting ya ypatient yinterview. yThe ytherapist ychooses yto
yuse yopen-ended yquestions. yOpen-ended yquestions yallow ythe ytherapist yto ydo ywhich yof

ythe yfollowing?

1. Gather yinformation ywhen ya ypatient yintroduces ya ynew ytopic.
2. Introduce ya ynew ysubject yarea.
3. Begin ythe yinterview yprocess.
4. Gather yspecific yinformation.
a. 4 NURSINGTB.COM
b. 1, y3
c. 1, y2, y3
d. 2, y3, y4
ANS: y C
An yopen-ended yquestion yshould ybe yused yto ystart ythe yinterview, yintroduce ya ynew ysection yof yquestions,
yand ygather ymore yinformation yfrom ya ypatient’s ytopic. yClosed yor ydirect yquestions yare yused yto ygather

yspecific yinformation.




6. The ydirect yquestion yinterview yformat yis yused yto:
1. speed yup ythe yinterview.
2. let ythe ypatient yfully yexplain yhis/her ysituation.
3. help ythe yrespiratory ytherapist yshow yempathy.
4. gather yspecific yinformation.
a. 1, y4
b. 2, y3
c. 3, y4
d. 1, y2, y3
ANS: y A
Direct yor yclosed yquestions yare ybest yto ygather yspecific yinformation yand yspeed yup ythe yinterview.
yOpen- yended yquestions yare ybest ysuited yto ylet ythe ypatient yfully yexplain yhis/her ysituation yand

ypossibly yhelp ythe yrespiratory ytherapist yshow yempathy.

, 7. During ythe yinterview ythe ypatient ystates, y―Every ytime yI yclimb ythe ystairs yI yhave yto ystop yto
ycatch ymy ybreath.‖ yHearing ythis, ythe yrespiratory ytherapist yreplies, y―So, yit ysounds ylike yyou

yget yshort yof ybreath yclimbing ystairs.‖ yThis yinterviewing ytechnique yis ycalled:

a. clarification.
b. modeling.
c. empathy.
d. reflection.
ANS: y D
With yreflection, ypart yof ythe ypatient’s ystatement yis yrepeated. yThis ylets ythe ypatient yknow ythat ywhat
yhe/she ysaid ywas yheard. yIt yalso yencourages ythe ypatient yto yelaborate yon ythe ytopic.

Clarification, ymodeling, yand yempathy yare yother ycommunication ytechniques.

8. The yrespiratory ytherapist ymay ychoose yto yuse ythe ypatient yinterview ytechnique yof
ysilence yin ywhich yof ythe yfollowing ysituations?

a. To yprompt ythe ypatient yto yask ya yquestion
b. After ya ydirect yquestion
c. After yan yopen-ended yquestion
d. To yallow ythe ypatient yto yreview yhis/her yhistory
ANS: y C
After ya ypatient yhas yanswered yan yopen-ended yquestion, ythe yrespiratory ytherapist yshould ypause y(use
ysilence) ybefore yasking ythe ynext yquestion. yThis ypause yallows ythe ypatient yto yadd ysomething yelse ybefore

ymoving yon. yThe ypatient ymay yalso ychoose yto yask ya yquestion.




9. To yhave ythe ymost yproductive yinterviewing ysession, ywhich yof ythe yfollowing ytypes yof
N yR yI yG yB.
yresponses yto yassist yin ythe yinterview yshouUld ytShe yrNespTiratory ytOherapist yavoid?


a. Confrontation
b. Reflection
c. Facilitation
d. Distancing
ANS: y D
With yconfrontation, ythe yrespiratory ytherapist yfocuses ythe ypatient’s yattention yon yan yaction, yfeeling, yor
ystatement ymade yby ythe ypatient. yThis ymay yprompt ya yfurther ydiscussion. yReflection yhelps ythe ypatient

yfocus yon yspecific yareas yand ycontinues yin yhis/her yown yway. yFacilitation yencourages ypatients yto ysay

ymore, yto ycontinue ywith ythe ystory. yThe yrespiratory ytherapist yshould yavoid ygiving yadvice, yusing

yavoidance ylanguage, yand yusing ydistancing ylanguage.




10. When yclosing ythe yinterview, ythe yrespiratory ytherapist yshould ydo ywhich yof ythe yfollowing?
1. Recheck ythe ypatient’s yvital ysigns.
2. Thank ythe ypatient.
3. Ask yif ythe ypatient yhas yany yquestions.
4. Close ythe ydoor ybehind yhimself/herself yfor ypatient yprivacy.
a. 2
b. 2, y3
c. 1, y3, y4
d. 1, y2, y4 yANS: y B

,To yend ythe yinterview yon ya ypositive ynote, ythe yrespiratory ytherapist yshould ythank ythe ypatient yand yask
yif ythe ypatient yhas yany yquestions. yIf ythere yis yno yneed yfor ythe yvital ysigns yto ybe ychecked, ythey yshould

ynot ybe. yThe ydoor ymay ybe yleft yopen yor yclosed, ydepending yon ythe ysituation.




11. The yrespiratory ytherapist yshould ybe yaware yof ya ypatient’s yculture yand yreligious ybeliefs
yfor ywhich yof ythe yfollowing yreasons?

a. To ybe yable yto yengage yin ya ymeaningful yconversation
b. To ychange yany ymisguided ynotions ythe ypatient yhas ythat ymayyimpact yhis/her yhealth
c. To yexplain yto ythe ypatient yhow ythese ybeliefs ywill ylead yto ydiscrimination
yand ystereotyping

d. To ybetter yunderstand yhow ythe ypatient’s ybeliefs ymay yimpact yhow ythe ypatient
ythinks yand ybehaves



ANS: y D
Culture yand yreligious ybeliefs ymay yhave ya yprofound yeffect yon yhow ypatients ythink yand ybehave, yand
ythis ymay yimpact ytheir yhealth yor yhealth ycare ydecisions. yThe yrole yof ythe yrespiratory

therapist yis ynot yto ychange ythe ypatient’s ybeliefs, yengage yin ysensitive yconversations, yor ydiscuss
ydiscrimination. yRather, ythe yrespiratory ytherapist yneeds yto yunderstand yhow ythese ybeliefs ymay yimpact

ythe ypatient’s yhealth ycare ydecisions.




12. Which yof ythe yfollowing yare ythe ymost yimportant ycomponents yof ya ysuccessful yinterview?
a. Communication yand yunderstanding
b. Authority yand ythe yuse yof ymedical yterminology
c. Providing yassurance yand ygiving yadvice
d. Asking yleading yquestions yand yanticipating ypatient yresponses yto yquestions

RSI N G B.C M
ANS: y A
N y y


Communication and understanding are the basi s f o r a goodOpatient
y y
U y
y
Ty

y y y interview. yAuthority, y the yuse y of
y


medical yjargon, yproviding yassurance, ygiving yadvice, yasking yleading yquestions, yand yanticipating yare
yall ytypes yof ynonproductive ycommunication yforms yand ycreate ybarriers yto ypatient ycommunication.




13. The yrespiratory ytherapist yis yconducting ya ypatient yinterview yand yrecording yresponses yin
ythe ypatient’s yelectronic yhealth yrecord. yThe yrespiratory ytherapist yshould ytake ywhich yof

ythe yfollowing yinto yaccount yregarding ythe yuse yof ythe ycomputer yto yrecord yresponses?

a. The ytherapist’s yattention ymay ybe yshifted yfrom ythe ypatient yto ythe ycomputer.
b. The ypatient ywill yfeel ymore yimportant ythan yif ythe yinformation yis yrecorded yon ypaper.
c. The ytherapist ywill ybe yless ylikely yto ymake yspelling yerrors yif yusing ya yspell-
check yprogram.
d. The yenvironment ywill ybe ymore yprofessional yand ythe ypatient ywill ybe ymore ylikely
yto yopen yup yif ythe yinterview yis yconducted ywith ypaper.



ANS: y A
The ytherapist’s yuse yof ythe ycomputer ycan ybe ythreatening yand ymay, yin ysome ycases, ybe ya ypotential
yhazard yto ygood ypatient ycommunication. yThe ypatient ycan ybe yintimidated yto ythe ypoint yof y―shutting

ydown.‖ yIn yaddition, ythe ytherapist ywho yhas yto yshift yfocus yfrom ythe ypatient yto ythe ycomputer ycan

ymiss yimportant yverbal yand ynonverbal ymessages.

,Chapter 02: The Physical Examination
y y y y

Des Jardins: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Respiratory Disease, 8th
y y y y y y y y y

Edition
y




MULTIPLE yCHOICE

1. When ywould yinduced yhypothermia ybe yindicated?
a. During ybrain ysurgery
b. During ybowel ysurgery
c. To ybreak ya yfever
d. To ytreat ycarbon ymonoxide ypoisoning
ANS: y A
Induced yhypothermia ymay yinvolve yonly ya yportion yof ythe ybody yor ythe ywhole ybody. yInduced
yhypothermia yis yoften yindicated ybefore ycertain ysurgeries, ysuch yas yheart yor ybrain ysurgery, yor yafter

yreturn yof yspontaneous ycirculation yafter ya ycardiac yarrest.




2. A y50-year-old ypatient yhas ya yheart yrate yby ypalpation yof y120 ybpm. yHow yshould ythis
ybe yinterpreted?

a. Within ythe ynormal yrange yfor yan yadult
b. An yerror ysince ya ystethoscope ywas ynot yused
c. Bradycardia
d. Tachycardia
ANS: y D
In yan yadult, ya yheart yrate yof ygNyreaRter ytU
IhaS
n yG
10N0 y /B
m y.i y Cnute yMT i s yconsidered yto ybe ytachycardia.
yA yheart yrate yof yless ythan y60/minute yin yan yadult yis yconsidered yto ybe ybradycardia. yPalpation yand

auscultation yare yboth yacceptable yto ycheck yheart yrate.

3. Tachypnea ymay ybe ythe yresult yof:
1. hypoxemia.
2. hypothermia.
3. fever.
4. sedation.
a. 2, y4
b. 1, y3
c. 2, y3, y4
d. 1, y2, y3
ANS: y B
Tachypnea ymay ybe ythe yresult yof yhypoxemia, yfever, yand yother ycauses. yHypothermia yand ysedation
ywill yusually yresult yin ybradycardia.




4. A y50-year-old ypatient ywould ybe ysaid yto yhave yhypotension ywhen yher:
a. blood ypressure yis y130/90 ymm yHg.
b. blood ypressure yis y85/55 ymm yHg.
c. heart yrate yis y55 ybpm.
d. pulse ypressure yis y40 ymm yHg.
y ANS: y B

,Hypotension yis ysaid yto ybe ypresent ywhen ythe ypatient’s yblood ypressure yfalls ybelow y90/60 ymm yHg. yA
yheart yrate yof y55 ybpm ywould ybe ybradycardia. yPulse ypressure yis ynormally yabout y40 ymm yHg.




5. A ydull ypercussion ynote ywould ybe yheard yin ywhich yof ythe yfollowing ysituations?
1. Atelectasis
2. Pleural ythickening
3. Chronic yobstructive ypulmonary ydisease y(COPD)
4. Consolidation
a. 1, y2
b. 3, y4
c. 2, y3, y4
d. 1, y2, y4
ANS: y D
Because yof yhyperinflation, ya ypatient ywith yCOPD ywould yhave ya yhyperresonant ypercussion ynote.
yAll yof ythe yother ylisted yoptions ywould yresult yin ya ydull ypercussion ynote.




6. Coarse ycrackles yare yassociated ywith:
1. inspiration ytypically.
2. air ypassing ythrough yan yairway yintermittently yoccluded ybyymucus.
3. bronchial yasthma.
4. expiration ytypically.
a. 2, y4
b. 3, y4
c. 2, y3, y4
d. 1, y2, y3 N R I G B.C M
U S N T O
ANS: y A
Coarse ycrackles yare yassociated ywith yair ypassing ythrough yan yairway yintermittently yoccluded yby
ymucus; ythey yare ymore ytypically yheard yduring yinspiration, ynot yexpiration. yWheezes yare yan

yexpiratory ysound yassociated ywith ybronchial yasthma.




7. While yassessing yan yunconscious ypatient, ythe yrespiratory ytherapist yobserves ythat ythe
ypatient’s ybreathing ybecomes yprogressively yfaster yand ydeeper yand ythen yprogressively

ybecomes yslower yand yshallower. yAfter ythat, ythere yis ya yperiod yof yapnea ybefore ythe ycycle

ybegins yagain. yThis ybreathing ypattern ywould ybe yidentified yas:


a. Cheyne-Stokes.
b. Tachypnea.
c. Kussmaul.
d. Hyperventilation.
ANS: y A
The yabnormal ybreathing ypattern ycalled yCheyne-Stokes yis yidentified ybyyprogressively yfaster yand ydeeper
ybreathing ythat ythen yprogressively ybecomes yslower yand yshallower. yAfter ythat ythere yis ya yperiod yof

yapnea ybefore ythe ycycle ybegins yagain. yTachypnea yis yrapid ybreathing. yKussmaul ybreathing yis

yconsistently yfast yand ydeep ybreathing. yHyperventilation yis yconfirmed yby ya ylow ycarbon ydioxide ylevel.




8. Benefits yof ypursed-lip ybreathing yinclude ythat yit:

, 1. stabilizes yairways.
2. offsets yair ytrapping yon yexhalation.
3. generates ya ybetter ygas ymixing ybreathing ypattern.
4. increases ythe yrespiratory yrate.
ya. y1

b. 2, y3
c. 1, y2, y3
d. 2, y3, y4
ANS: y C
All yof ythe ylisted yoptions yare ybenefits yof ypursed-lip ybreathing yin ya ypatient ywith yan yairway
yobstruction yproblem ysuch yas yasthma yor yCOPD.




9. A ypatient ycomes yinto ythe yemergency ydepartment ywith ya ycomplaint yof ycentrally
ylocated, yconstant ychest ypain. yWhat yis yhis ymost ylikely yproblem?


a. Pleurisy
b. Myocardial yischemia
c. Pneumothorax
d. Fractured yrib
ANS: y B
Often ya ypatient ywith ymyocardial yischemia ywill ycomplain yof ycentrallyylocated, yconstant ychest
ypain. yThe ypain ymay yalso yradiate ydown yan yarm yor yup ythe yneck.




10. A ypatient ywith ybronchiectasis yhas ya yproductive ycough. yWhich yof ythe yfollowing yshould
ythe yrespiratory ytherapist ybe yevaluating yabout ythe ypatient’s ysputum?

1. Color
2. Odor NUR SIN GTB.COM
3. Frequencyyof ycough
4. Consistency
a. 3
b. 1, y2
c. 3, y4
d. 1, y2, y4
ANS: y D
The yrespiratory ytherapist yshould yevaluate ya ypatient’s ysputum yfor ycolor, yodor, yamount,
yconsistency, yand yany yother ysignificant yfactors. yThis ycould yinclude ytime yof ygreater yor ysmaller

yamounts yor ya ychange yin yconsistency yafter yinhaling ya ymucolytic ymedication.




11. The yrespiratory ytherapist yis ymonitoring ythe yblood ypressure yof ya ypatient yin ythe
yemergency ydepartment yand ynotes ythat ythe yblood ypressure yis y15 ymm yHg yless yon

yinspiration ythan yon yexpiration. yWhich yof ythe yfollowing ywould ymost ylikely yresult yin

ythis yfinding?


a. The ypatient yis yhypovolemic.
b. The ypatient yhas ya ypulmonary yembolism.
c. The ypatient yis yhaving ya ymyocardial yinfarction.
d. The ypatient yis yhaving ya ysevere yexacerbation
yof yasthma. yANS: y D

,A ychange yin yblood ypressure ythat yis ymore ythan y10 ymm yHg ylower yon yinspiration ythan yon yexpiration yis
yknown yas ypulsus yparadoxus. yThis yexaggerated ywaxing yand ywaning yof yarterial yblood ypressure ycan ybe

ydetected ywith ya ysphygmomanometer yor, yin ysevere ycases, yby ypalpating ythe ypulse yat ythe ywrist yor yneck.

yCommonly yassociated ywith ysevere yasthmatic yepisodes, ypulsus yparadoxus yis ybelieved yto ybe ycaused yby

ythe ymajor yintrapleural ypressure yswings ythat yoccur yduring yinspiration yand yexpiration.




12. The yrespiratory ytherapist yis yexamining ya ypatient yin ythe ymedical yward yand ynotes ythat
ythe ytrachea yis ydeviated yto ythe yright. yWhich yof ythe yfollowing ymay ybe ycausing ythe

ytracheal ydeviation yto ythe yright?


a. A yright-sided ytension ypneumothorax.
b. A yright-sided ypleural yeffusion.
c. A ytumor ymass yon ythe yright.
d. Atelectasis yof ythe yright yupper ylobe.
ANS: y D
A ynumber yof yabnormal ypulmonary yconditions ycan ycause ythe ytrachea yto ydeviate yfrom yits ynormal
yposition. yFor yexample, ya ytension ypneumothorax, ypleural yeffusion, yor ytumor ymass ymay ypush ythe

ytrachea yto ythe yunaffected yside y(in ythis ycase yto ythe yleft), ywhereas yatelectasis ypulls ythe ytrachea yto ythe

yaffected yside y(in ythis ycase yto ythe yright).




13. The yrespiratory ytherapist yis yperforming ypalpation yon ya ypatient yrecently yadmitted yto ythe
ymedical yward. yThe ytherapist ynotes ydecreased ytactile yfremitus yover ythe yright ylung. yWhich

yof ythe yfollowing ycould ymost ylikely ybe ythe ycause yfor ythis yphysical yexamination yfinding?


a. Right-sided yatelectasis
b. Right-sided ypneumothorax
c. U y SRigNht-sTidedypOleural yeffuNsioRn I yG yB.C yM
d. Right-sided ypleural ytumor
ANS: y A
Tactile yfremitus ydecreases ywhen yanything yobstructs ythe ytransmission yof yvibration. ySuch
yconditions yinclude ytumors yor ythickening yof ythe ypleural ycavity, ypleural yeffusion, yand

ypneumothorax. yTactile yfremitus yincreases yin ypatients ywith yatelectasis.




14. Moderate yhypoxemia yis yindicated ywith yan ySpO2 y value ybetween and .
a. 95%; y99%
b. 91%; y94%
c. 86%; y 90%
d. 80%; y85%
ANS: y C
In ythe yadult, ynormal ySpO2 yvalues yrange yfrom y95% yto y99%. ySpO2 yvalues yof y91% yto y94% yindicate
ymild yhypoxemia. yMild yhypoxemia ywarrants yadditional yevaluation yby ythe yrespiratory ypractitioner ybut

ydoes ynot yusually yrequire ysupplemental yoxygen. ySpO2 yreadings yof y86% yto y90% yindicate ymoderate

yhypoxemia. yThese ypatients yoften yrequire ysupplemental yoxygen. ySpO2 y values yof y85% yor ylower

yindicate ysevere yhypoxemia yand ywarrant yimmediate ymedical yintervention, yincluding ythe

yadministration yof yoxygen, yventilatory ysupport, yor yboth.

,Chapter 03: The Pathophysiologic Basis for Common Clinical Manifestations Des
y y y y y y y y y

Jardins: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Respiratory Disease, 8th
y y y y y y y y y

Edition
y




MULTIPLE yCHOICE

1. Which yof ythe yfollowing yis yconsidered ya ynormal ytidal yvolume yfor ya ynormal yadult?
a. 4 yto y6 ymL/kg
b. 7 yto y9 ymL/kg
c. 9 yto y11 ymL/kg
d. 10 yto y12 ymL/kg
ANS: y B
In ynormal yadults, ythe yVT yis yabout y500 ymLy(7 yto y9 ymL/kg), ythe yventilatory yrate yis yabout y15 y(with ya
yrange yof y12 yto y18) ybreaths yper yminute, yand ythe yI:E yratio yis yabout y1:2. yIn ypatients ywith yrespiratory

ydisorders, yhowever, yan yabnormal yventilatory ypattern yis yoften ypresent.




2. Which yof ythe yfollowing yis yconsidered ya ysymptom ya ypatient ywith ypulmonary ydisease
ymay ycomplain yof ywhen yin ydistress?

a. Dyspnea
b. Tachypnea
c. Retractions yof yintercostal yspaces
d. Distressed yfacial yexpressions
ANS: y A
Dyspnea yis ydefined yas ythe y― Nbrea RthleUIssSn GeNss, B‖ y. orC―sh y MTor t n es s yof ybreath,‖ yor ythe
―labored yor ydifficult ybreathing‖ yfelt yand ydescribed yonly yby ythe ypatient. yThe ysymptoms yof ydyspnea
y(―subjective yinformation‖) yare ysensations ythat ycan yonly ybe yexperienced yby ythe ypatient ywho yis yhaving

ybreathing ydifficulties—not yby ythe yobservation yof ythe yhospital ycare ystaff. ySigns yof ydyspnea y(―objective

yinformation‖) yinclude yaudibly ylabored ybreathing, yhyperventilation, yand/or ytachypnea, yretractions yof

yintercostal yspaces, yuse yof yaccessory ymuscles, ya ydistressed yfacial yexpression, yflaring yof ythe ynostrils,

yparadoxical ymovements yof ythe ychest yand yabdomen, yand ygasping.




3. Which yof ythe yfollowing yterms yis yused yto ydescribe yshortness yof ybreath yin
ythe yreclining yposition?

a. Orthopnea
b. Eupnea
c. Exertional ydyspnea
d. Cardiac ydyspnea
y ANS: y A

, Common ytypes yof ydyspnea yinclude y(1) ypositional ydyspnea, ywhich yoccurs yonly ywhen ythe ypatient yis yin
ythe yreclining yposition—and yis yalso yknown yas yorthopnea, y(2) ycardiac ydyspnea, ywhich yis ylabored

ybreathing ycaused yby yheart ydisease y(e.g., ycongestive yheart yfailure), y(3) yexertional ydyspnea, ywhich yis

yprovoked yby yphysical yexercise yor yexertion, y(4) yparoxysmal ynocturnal ydyspnea, ywhich yis ya yform yof

yrespiratory ydistress yrelated yto yposture y(especially yreclining ywhile ysleeping) yand yis yusually yassociated

ywith ycongestive yheart yfailure ywith ypulmonary yedema, yand y(5) yrenal ydyspnea, ywhich yis ydifficulty yin

ybreathing ydue yto ykidney ydisease. yEupnea yis ydefined yas ythe ynormal ybreathing yrate y(between y12 yand y20

ybreaths/min) yand yregular yrhythm yand ymoderate ydepth yfor yan yadult.




4. What yventilatory ypattern yoccurs ywhen ythe ycompliance yof ythe ylungs ydecreases?
a. No ynoticeable ychange.
b. Rate ygenerally yincreases ywhile ythe ytidal yvolume ysimultaneously ydecreases.
c. Rate yand ytidal yvolume ygenerallyyincrease.
d. Rate ygenerally ydecreases ywhile ythe ytidal yvolume ysimultaneously ydecreases.
ANS: y B
Although ythe yprecise ymechanism yis ynot yclear, ythe yfact ythat ycertain yventilatory ypatterns
yoccur ywhen ylung ycompliance yis yaltered yis ywell ydocumented. yFor yexample, ywhen yC L


ydecreases, ythe ypatient’s ybreathing yrate ygenerally yincreases ywhile ythe ytidal yvolume

ysimultaneously ydecreases.




5. How ycan ywork yof ybreathing ybe yquantified?
a. Work y= yresistance y× yvolume
b. Work y= ypressure y y volume
c. Work y= yflow y y volume
d. Work y= ypressure y× yvolume
ANS: y D NURSINGTB.COM
In yphysics, ywork yis ydefined yas ythe yforce ymultiplied yby ythe ydistance ymoved y(work y= yforce y×
ydistance). yIn yrespiratory yphysiology, ythe ychange yin ypulmonary ypressure y(force) ymultiplied yby ythe
ychange yin ylung


volume y(distance) ymay ybe yused yto yquantify ythe ywork yof ybreathing y(WOB) y(work y= ypressure y×
volume).

6. In ypatients ywith ychronically yhigh yPaCO2 yand ylow yPaO2 ywhich yof ythe yfollowing yis ythe
yprimary yreceptor ysite yfor ythe ycontrol yof yventilation?

a. Central ychemoreceptors
b. Peripheral ychemoreceptors
c. Juxtapulmonary-capillary y receptors
d. Aortic yand ycarotid ysinus ybaroreceptors
ANS: y B
When ythe yperipheral ychemoreceptors yare yactivated, yan yafferent y(sensory) ysignal yis ysent yto ythe
yrespiratory ycenters yof ythe ymedulla yby yway yof ythe yglossopharyngeal ynerve y(cranial ynerve yIX) yfrom ythe

ycarotid ybodies yand yby yway yof ythe yvagus ynerve y(cranial ynerve yX) yfrom ythe yaortic ybodies. yEfferent

y(motor) ysignals yare ythen ysent yto ythe yrespiratory ymuscles, ywhich yresults yin yan yincreased yrate yof

ybreathing. yIt yshould ybe ynoted ythat yin ypatients ywho yhave ya ychronically yhigh yPaCO2 yand ylow yPaO2,

ythe yperipheral ychemoreceptors yare ythe yprimary yreceptor ysites yfor ythe ycontrol yof yventilation.




7. Which yof ythe yfollowing yare yconsidered yaccessory ymuscles yof yinspiration?

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