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NUR 612 EXAM 1 Questions and Answers
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Treatment of Hypothermia ~ Rewarming Passive rewarming Active total rewarming Active core rewarming Support of vital functions Prevention and treatment of complications Aerobic or Endurance Exercise ~ The use of oxygen for transforming substrates such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino ...

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  • August 5, 2024
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  • nur 612 exam 1 questions and answers

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NUR 612 EXAM 1
Questions and Answers
Endocrine System


✓~ System composed of various glands that can synthesize and release special chemical

messengers called hormones.

System works closely with the Nervous System and the Immune system to regulate and

integrate body functions.




Functions:




Growth and development

Sexual differentiation

Metabolism

Adaptation to an ever-changing environment

Regulation of digestion

Use and storage of nutrients

Electrolyte and water metabolism

Reproductive functions




Hormones

,✓~ Endocrine system uses chemical substances called hormones as a means of

regulating and integrating body functions.

Hormones are thought of as chemical messengers produced to target a specific cell.

They do NOT initiate reactions but function as a modulator of cellular and systemic

responses.




Function as chemical messengers

Move through the blood to distant target sites of action

Or, act more locally as paracrine or autocrine messengers that incite more local

effects

Most are present in body fluids at all times in greater or lesser amounts as needed.

Characteristics

A single hormone can exert various effects in different tissues.

A single function can be regulated by several hormones.




Types of Hormone Actions


✓~ Hormones are released in one location but can have the biologic effect either in that

location of release or somewhere else

Endocrine

Paracrine

Autocrine

,Intracrine




Endocrine


✓~ Hormones are released in the circulation to act on a target organ (between remote

cells)




Paracrine


✓~ Hormones acts locally in cells other than that produced the hormones Ex: sex steroids

in ovary (between local cells)




Hormones acting locally on cells other than those that produced the hormone

For example, the action of sex steroids on the ovary




Autocrine


✓~ Hormones exert action on the cells from which they are produced ex: insulin (on the

cell that produced them)




Hormones exerting action on the cells from which they were produced

For example, the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its release

from the same cells

, Intracrine


✓~ Hormone action is within the cell that produced the hormone




Mechanisms of Hormone Action


✓~ Hormones interact with high-affinity receptors.

These are linked to one or more effector system in the cell.

Hormone receptors may be located in the plasma membrane of the cell (surface of

the cell) or in the intracellular compartment (inside the cell) of the target cell.




The vesicle mediated pathway


✓~ Protein and polypeptide hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles in the

cytoplasm of the endocrine cell until secretion is required. Stimulation of the endocrine cell

causes the vesicles to move to the cell membrane and release their hormones.




Non-vesicle mediated pathway


✓~ Hormones are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and released upon

synthesis. Ex.: Steroid hormones




Actions of Hormones Released

into the Bloodstream


✓~ Circulate as free, unbound molecules

Peptide hormones and protein hormones usually circulate unbound in the blood.

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