Exam (elaborations)
BPK 306 Midterm 2 Questions & Detailed Answers
- Course
- BPK 306
- Institution
- Simon Fraser University (SFU )
BPK 306 Midterm 2 Questions & Detailed Answers
[Show more]
Content preview
BPK 306 Midterm 2 Questions & Detailed AnswersCells of the nervous system - ANS *Neurons* --> cell body (soma), dendrites
(receive input) and usually a single axon (carries excitatory output)
*Neuroglia* --> other neural cells; don't form synapses, have 1 type of projection,
can divide and are less electrically excitable
-Other neural cells (neuroglia) include:
*CNS*
-astrocytes (support cells)
-microglia (scavengers; defense system)
-ependymal cells (create barriers --> brain, spinal cord)
-oligodendria (make myelin)
*PNS*
-Schwann cells (make myelin)
-satellite cells (support cells)
Nervous System - ANS -Central nervous system (CNS) = brain and spinal cord
-Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = autonomic efferents, sensory afferents
(incoming) and somatic motor efferents
-Afferent pathways of PNS deliver sensory information to CNS
-Somatic efferents control skeletal muscle, autonomic efferents control
cardiac/smooth muscle
,Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANS -Includes all peripheral nerves exiting the
spinal cord and cranium
-Includes sensory receptors (muscle, skin and special senses)
-Interfaces with the CNS in the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord --> cell
bodies of PNS often lie in spinal cord, project out
-Dorsal horn = sensory afferents, ventral horn = motor efferents
-Can have direct connections (spinal cord = integration centre) or transmit up to
brain and back
Spinal Cord Anatomy - ANS -White matter = outer; grey matter = inner
-Different nerve tracts carry input to (ascending) or from (descending) the brain
-Ascending dorsal column medial lemniscus carries sensory input on fine touch,
vibration and proprioception
-Ascending spinothalamic pathway carries sensory input on temperature, crude
touch and pain
-Corticospinal (pyramidal, extrapyramidal) tracts carry motor signals from the
brain to skeletal muscle --> descending, outgoing motor commands
Brain Functions - ANS -Gather and integrate information from the PNS
-Process and perceive information from PNS (e.g. perception of vibrations in air =
sound)
-Organize reflex and autonomic responses
-Plan and execute voluntary movements
-Higher functions like cognition, learning and memory
,Brain anatomy - ANS -Major regions --> cerebrum (largest part of brain),
cerebellum (important for motor coordination, motor learning and motor
memory)
-Pons, medulla, brainstem --> part of midbrain, function in autonomic control
Cerebral cortex areas - ANS -Special senses have devoted regions (visual cortex,
auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex)
*Frontal lobe* --> coordinates information from other association areas; controls
some behaviours
-Motor cortex --> primary/supplementary motor cortex --> movement
-Prefrontal cortex --> planning, execution and other aspects of behaviour
-Gustatory cortex --> for taste (where frontal lobe meets temporal lobe)
*Temporal lobe* --> for long term memory storage
-Hippocampus --> stores memories
*Occipital lobe* --> visual cortex
-Primary visual cortex --> at back because it may be safer?
*Parietal lobe* --> sensory information
-Primary sensory cortex --> for somatic senses (touch, temperature, vibration, etc.)
Brodmann Areas - ANS -Cerebrum divided into 52 areas
-Functional imaging can only identify approximate areas --> definition of
boundaries requires histological examination
, Cerebral cortex architecture - ANS -Six-layer architecture
-Cell types vary between layers; thickness and cellular organization my vary
-Superficial layers have connections to other cortical areas
-Intermediate layers receive input from subcortical layers
-Deep areas project to subcortical areas
Cortical columns - ANS -Six-layered functional networks; basic "processing
module" for the cerebral cortex
-Cellular makeup and input/output connections define the function and activity of
the local region
-Coordinated network activity gives rise to perception, cognition and behaviour
Cortical-subcortical loops - ANS -Subcortical gray matter includes thalamus and
basal ganglia --> exchange information with 6-layer cerebral cortex
-Thalamus acts as a relay for sensory and motor information
-Basal ganglia are involved in movement processing
Membranes as a circuit (Hodgkin-Huxley Model) - ANS -*Capacitor* --> plates
correspond to inner/outer faces of membrane (separates charges; stronger
capacitor = separate over shorter distance)
-*Variable resistance* --> inverse of conductance; corresponds to gated ion
channels shown with a switch (can be resistor or conductor)
*Electromotive forces* --> separation of charged ions across the cell membrane,
set up by the Na+/K+ ATPase
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Schoolflix. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for CA$22.88. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
52928 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now