Summary

Grade 12 Chemistry Summary of All Concepts

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Course
Chemistry

Institution
12th Grade

his document offers a thorough summary of all key concepts covered in Grade 12 Chemistry, providing a valuable resource for students to review and consolidate their understanding of the curriculum. The summary includes: Chemical Thermodynamics: Overview of the laws of thermodynamics, Gibbs free ...

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Uploaded on August 15, 2024
Number of pages 10
Written in 2024/2025
Type Summary

chemistry
electrons
bonds
grade 12
rates of reactions
acids and bases
reactants and prodcuts
types of reactions
molecular geometry
le chateliers principle
rates
thermodynamics
gibbs free energy
laws o

Institution Secondary school
Education 12th Grade
Course Chemistry
School year 1

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Grade 12 Chemistry Review of All Concepts
1: Introduction to Chemistry and Review of Grade 11 Concepts

• Chemistry Overview: Study of matter, its properties, and interactions.

• Key Concepts from Grade 11:

o Atomic structure (protons, neutrons, electrons).

o Periodic Table trends (atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity).

o Chemical bonding (ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds).

o Stoichiometry (mole concept, balancing equations).

2: Structure and Properties of Matter

• Atomic Models:

o Bohr Model: Electron orbits, energy levels.

o Quantum Mechanical Model: Orbitals (s, p, d, f), electron configuration.

• Periodic Table:

o Trends: Atomic size, ionization energy, electronegativity.

o Groups: Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases.

• Chemical Bonding:

o Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons, formation of ions.

o Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons, molecular compounds.

o Metallic Bonds: Delocalized electrons, properties of metals.

3: Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry

• Types of Chemical Reactions:

o Synthesis: A + B → AB.

o Decomposition: AB → A + B.

o Single Displacement: A + BC → AC + B.

, o Double Displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB.

o Combustion: Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O.

• Stoichiometry:

o Mole Concept: Avogadro’s number, molar mass.

o Balancing Equations: Conservation of mass.

o Calculations: Moles, mass, volume, and particles.

4: Gases and Gas Laws

• Properties of Gases:

o Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle motion, gas properties.

o Ideal Gas vs. Real Gas: Assumptions, deviations.

• Gas Laws:

o Boyle’s Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (Pressure-Volume).

o Charles’s Law: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (Volume-Temperature).

o Avogadro’s Law: V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂ (Volume-Moles).

o Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT.

• Applications:

o Partial Pressures: Dalton’s Law.

o Gas Stoichiometry: Using gas laws in chemical reactions.

5: Thermochemistry

• Energy and Enthalpy:

o Types of Energy: Kinetic, potential, chemical.

o Enthalpy (ΔH): Heat change at constant pressure.

• Thermochemical Equations:

o Exothermic Reactions: Release energy (ΔH < 0).

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