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EPPP Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior

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EPPP Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior Sensation and Perception - Sensation: Detection of stimulation. - Perception: Detection and interpretation of sensory stimuli. Attention - Attention: Global mental states and selective cognitive processes; selectively concentrating on something. - A...

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  • August 15, 2024
  • 28
  • 2024/2025
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EPPP Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior
Sensation and Perception

- Sensation: Detection of stimulation.

- Perception: Detection and interpretation of sensory stimuli.



Attention

- Attention: Global mental states and selective cognitive processes; selectively concentrating on
something.

- Attentional Blindness: Ignorance of a stimulus due to selective attention; distractor stimuli are
completely ignored when excessive focus is placed on a focal stimulus.

- Attentional Load Theory: The degree to which an ignored stimulus is processed depends on the
attentional demands of the attended stimulus; higher demands lead to greater distraction reduction.

- Attentional Control: Attention can be controlled by noticing a salient stimulus or by making conscious
decisions about where to focus attention.



Intelligence

- Intelligence: The aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and
deal effectively with their environment.

- g Theory of Intelligence (Spearman): Proposes a general overall intellectual ability.

- Gf - Gc Theories of Intelligence (Cattell): Distinguishes between general fluid intellectual ability (Gf) and
general crystallized intellectual ability (Gc).

- POS Model: Model of intelligence that posits the brain consists of interdependent but separate
functional systems.

- Luria’s Three-Level Theory of Higher Cortical Functions:

1. Regulation of cortical arousal and attention.

2. Processing and retention of information.

3. Programming, regulation, and verification of behavior.

- Positive Manifold: The phenomenon where scores on different intelligence tests tend to be positively
correlated.



Cognitive Processing

,- Hierarchical Processing: Processing that occurs from lower to higher brain areas.

- Functional Segregation: A separate central nervous system unit for processing each feature of a
stimulus.

- Bottom-Up Processing: Analysis beginning with sensory receptors and building up to brain integration
of sensory information.

- Top-Down Processing: Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes; perceptions
are constructed from experience and expectations.

- Parallel Perceptual Processing: The simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by multiple
pathways of a neural network.

- Feature Binding: The combining of visual features to form whole objects; requires directed attention.

- Optimal Estimation Theory: Interpretation of a stimulus is more influenced by prior assumptions than
current experiences.



Effects and Theories in Attention and Perception

- The Stroop Effect: Describes the difficulty in naming the color of ink used to print words when the ink's
color and the word itself are incongruent.

- Attentional Bias: The extent to which an individual is prone to focus on certain stimuli while ignoring
others based on cognitive demands.



Executive Functioning

- Executive Functioning: Cognitive processes that enable a person to engage in independent, purposeful,
self-directed, and self-serving behaviors.



Seven to nine distinct areas of mental ability (Thurstone) ✔️Theory of Primary Mental Abilities



Three-stratum model of intelligence: general ability, broad ability, and narrow ability ✔️Cattell-Horn-
Carroll Theory of Intelligence



The extent to which an assessment informs treatment recommendations. The value of an assessment in
selecting and implementing interventions and treatments that will benefit the examinee. ✔️Treatment
Validity

, Storage of information for later retrieval ✔️Learning



a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited
by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. Tying an instinctive response to
a neutral stimulus. ✔️Classical Conditioning



a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed
by a punisher. Tying an intentional response to a stimulus ✔️Operant Conditioning



Associating a stimulus with an outcome leading to a response ✔️Conditioning



Electrical measure of skin resistance ✔️Galvanic skin response (GSR)



How often a reward is presented ✔️Reinforcement Schedule



Remembering the first stimulus presented ✔️Primacy Effect



Remembering the most recent stimulus presented ✔️Recency Effect



A style of learning where the same material is presented in the same order over and over again until
there are no errors ✔️Anticipation Method



When two things are presented together in order to remember them ✔️Paired Associate Method



A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; occurs without obvious
reinforcers or associations ✔️Latent Learning



Theory of motivation based on needs of the person, with basic needs (e.g., sleep, safety) at the
beginning and self-actualization at the end ✔️Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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