100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
BIO 446L Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions CA$20.20   Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. BIO 446
  4.  
  5. BIO 446

Exam (elaborations)

BIO 446L Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions
 6 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • BIO 446
  • Institution
  • BIO 446

What organs contain a serous membrane? Heart, lungs, intestinal tract The visceral layer of the glomerular serous membrane ♣ Is composed of simple squamous mesothelium, like other visceral serous membranes we have studied ♣ Contains a very thick basement membrane fused with the endothelial mem...

[Show more]

Preview 3 out of 30  pages

Document information

  • August 16, 2024
  • 30
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

  • bio 446l final exam questions and complete solutio
  • what organs contain a serous membrane heart lun
  • the visceral layer of the glomerular serous membra

Written for

  • BIO 446
  • BIO 446

Seller

avatar-seller
twishfrancis

Reviews received

Content preview

BIO 446L Final Exam Questions and
Complete Solutions
What organs contain a serous membrane? ✅Heart, lungs, intestinal tract

The visceral layer of the glomerular serous membrane ✅♣ Is composed of simple
squamous mesothelium, like other visceral serous membranes we have studied
♣ Contains a very thick basement membrane fused with the endothelial membrane of
glomerular capillaries
♣ Reminded Dr. Hines of a snowy fir tree

What epithelium are serous membranes normally composed of? ✅simple squamous

Negative pressure is created in the pleural space by elastic tissue that pulls the parietal
pleura towards the thoracic wall and the visceral pleura towards the lung tissue. In the
case of a stab would that punctures the pleural space, what would happen? ✅the
pleural space would fill will air causing alveoli to collapse

Are Bowman's capsule located in serous membranes? ✅NO

What are problems with microscopic images? ✅Microscopic images are 2D which do
not always show the 3D nature of the tissue/structure
-mitochondria
-coilded tubules
-blood vessels
-epididymis
-image of heart (5 holes)

What is dystrophin? ✅large actin-binding protein located just inside the sarcolemma of
skeletal muscle fibers which is involved in the functional organization of myofibrils

What do mutations in dystrophin causes ✅defective linkages between the cytoskeleton
and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Muscle contractions can disrupt these weak
linkages, causing the atrophy of muscle fibers typical of this disease

Lack of GH (somatotropin) during growing years causes ✅dwarfism

Excess GH (somatotropin) during growing year causes ✅gigantism

Excess GH (somatotropin) in adults causes ✅acromegaly (bones become thick)

What does PTH do? ✅Raises calcium levels in the blood

,What is hypoparathyroidism? ✅diminish secretion of PTH can cause bones to become
more dense and mineralized and striated muscle to have abnormal contractions due to
low calcium ion concentration

What is hyperparathyroidism? ✅excessive PTH stimulates the osteoclast number
leading to increased levels of blood calcium

What are pathologic phenotypic changes? ✅Barrett's espophagus
Chronic bronchitis
Celiac disease
Emphysema
COPD

What happens in Barrett's esophagus? ✅Untreated GERD can produce metaplastic
changes in the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophageal mucosa to columnar
epithelium

What happens in chronic bronchitis? ✅Number of goblet cells in the lining of airways in
the lungs often increases greatly leading to excessive mucus production in areas where
there are too few ciliated cells for its rapid removal and contributes to obstruction of the
airways.
The ciliated pseudostratified epithelium --> stratified squamous epithelium by
metaplasia.

What happens in Celiac disease? ✅Loss of the microvilli brush border leading to
malabsorption and structural changes

What happens in emphysema? ✅Involves dilation and permanent enlargement of the
bronchioles leading to pulmonary acini.
Accompanied by loss of cells in the alveoli and other parts of the airway walls, leading
to an irreversible loss of respiratory function.
Any type of infection in the respiratory regions of the lung produces the local
inflammatory condition called pneumonia.

What happens in COPD? ✅Less air flow in and out of the airway because they either:
- Airways and sacs lose their elasticity.
- The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed.
- The walls of the airways become think and inflamed.
- The airways make more mucus than usual, which can clog them

What can COPD cause? ✅Can cause coughing that produces large amounts of
mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and other symptoms. Chronic
exposure to smoking, air pollution, chemicals, dust can cause it

, Identification of astrocytomas ✅Intermediate filament can reveal cellular origin of tumor
by means of immunocytochemical methods
EX: GFAP

What are the steps of anaphylaxis? ✅a. Production of IgE antibodies that bind to
receptors on mast cells and basophils after the initial exposure to an antigen
b. Cross linking of IgE molecules after the second exposure to the antigen
c. Activation of intracellular phospholipases that break down membrane phospholipids
and activate cytokines that constrict smooth muscle
d. Rapid degranulation of vesicles releasing cytokines that cause hives, edema, itching
and airway constriction

What are fibrillians? ✅Family of proteins involved in scaffolding necessary for
deposition of elastin

What do mutations in fibrillar result in? ✅Marfans syndrome --> aortic swellings called
aneurysms can develop

Drugs that inhibit cancer cells from dividing are also those that can be used to stop cell
division in order to create a karyotype. Knowing what structure are involved in cell
division, you predict that these drugs also ✅Have the potential to inhibit linkage of
inner to outer segments in photoreceptor cells

Parkinson is a disease that affects nuclei of the substantia nigra in the midbrain causing
muscular and neurologic decline. A nucleus in this context is ✅a collection of cell
bodies in the CNS

Metaplasia is a change in the structure of epithelial linings in the body. This alteration
usually creates a high risk for cancer. Three locations we have seen that can undergo
pathologic metaplasia include ✅esophagus, cervix, respiratory epithelium

You expect that the spaces left by damaged cells after a heart attack will be filled with
✅dense irregular connective tissue

Leukenmia can occur in lymphoid tissue as well as in the bone marrow. When leukemia
occurs in the bone marrow, all cell colonies can be affected resuling in ✅amenia,
bleeding disorder, and high risk for infection

Metastatic cancer cells can enter the lymphatic vessels where they circulate to lymph
nodes. The immune response expected in the lymph node is mediated by ✅B cells in
the cortex, helper T cells in the cortex, cytotoxic t cells in the paracortex and plasma
cells and antibodies in the medulla

Food poisoning caused by clostridium and gastric ulcer caused by h. pylori both involve
✅disruption of structures in tight occluding epithelial junctions

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller twishfrancis. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$20.20. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

75323 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
CA$20.20
  • (0)
  Add to cart