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PSIO 303 Exam 3 Questions And Answers With Verified Updates
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When it comes to essential hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome, it is suggested that ___ and ___ may be responsible for the development of this core component by increasing central sympathetic outflow, causing peripheral vasoconstriction, and more. - Insulin resistance ; hyperinsulinemia The earl...

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  • August 17, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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PSIO 303 Exam 3
When it comes to essential hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome, it is suggested that ___ and ___ may
be responsible for the development of this core component by increasing central sympathetic outflow,
causing peripheral vasoconstriction, and more. - Insulin resistance ; hyperinsulinemia



The earliest defects that arise with Metabolic Syndrome are impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and
hyperinsulinemia - False



All individuals who develop Metabolic Syndrome will eventually develop type 2 diabetes - False



Adipose tissue stores lipid, but also has an endocrine function in the release of cytokines and other types
of chemical messengers (hormones, etc). - True



The microvascular complications (e.g. retinopathy) of the Metabolic Syndrome start developing during
the phase of compensatory hyperinsulinemia. - False



What type of "body shape" reflects a greater proportion of visceral adiposity, and thus represents a great
risk group for other components of Metabolic Syndrome? - Apple



From the list below, identify the false statements about the role of hypothalamus in glucoregulation.

A. Specific neurons in the hypothalamus can detect changes in glucose and insulin.

B. Because they cannot cross the BBB, adipokines cannot act of the hypothalamus to modulate
peripheral glucoregulation.

C. The hypothalamus can act to modulate neural output to the periphery via the sympathetic nervous
system. - B is false.



From the list below, identify the correct statements about oxidative stress.

A. It is characterized by excess ROS production

B. It is associated with cell damage and impaired cell signaling.

C. It can be cause by long-term elevations in blood glucose. - All three correct

,From the list below identify the correct statements about the liver and glucose homeostasis.

A. It modulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in response to insulin and glucagon.

B. It breaks down stored glycogen to glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis.

C. It produces glucose de novo from various substrates in a process known as glycogenolysis.

D. It is the first organ to process nutrients fro the intestines via the hepatic-portal circulation.

E. It stores glucose in the form of glycogen. - A, D, E are correct



The magnitude of ultimate intracellular response initiated by ligand binding to plasma membrane
receptors is linearly related to the number of receptors bound by the ligand. - False



Activation of nuclear receptors induces changed in cellular function through the production of 2nd
messengers. - False



Select the following statements about the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are true.

A. Activation of the alpha subunit of the G-protein occurs when GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP

B. The beta and gamma subunits of G-proteins interact with adenylate cyclases in order to produce
cAMP

C. cAMP (produced after Galphas-protein activation) acts as a 2nd messenger within the cell

D. Activation of the PLC (by Gq-protein activation) results in the production of IP3 and DAG, which have
effects on Ca2+ levels and PKC activity, respectively. - C and D are correct



Where is the GLUT-2 glucose transport isoform highly expressed? - Liver and intestine



Which one of the following statements is NOT true of skeletal muscle glucose uptake and its underlying
mechanisms.

A. Nitric oxide can be stimulated to diffuse to the smooth muscle cells and cause relaxation and
vasodilation.

B. Insulin action on the vascular endothelium of capillaries perfusing skeletal muscle includes decreasing
the number of capillary contacts on the skeletal muscle.

, C. Nitric oxide promotes the delivery of glucose and causes leakiness in the endothelium of the
capillaries in contact with the muscle.

D. Insulin can act on the endothelial cells in the capillary bed of the skeletal muscle tissue to activate
nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), leading the nitric oxide production. - B and C are correct

Impairments in both delivery of glucose to the skeletal muscle cell and the transport of glucose into the
cell in response to insulin action contribute to insulin resistance - True



Only IRS-1 will be affected by the up-regulation of PKC theta by free fatty acids (FFAs) - False



The positive effect of tyrosine phosphorylation on the insulin receptor, is not a graded modulation, but
an "all or nothing" response. - False



Low levels of glucose, as seen by the pancreas, will result in which of the follow?

A. Quiescent Beta cells

B. Beta cell depolarization

C. Sodium channel activation in the alpha cells

D. glucagon release - A, C, and D are correct



Pancreatic beta cells are able to sense evaluations to blood glucose levels because of increased GLUT-4
translocation to the plasma membrane - False



Hormones secreted from the respective cells in the pancreas are delivered to the hepatic-portal
circulation by the pancreatic duct - False



After a meal containing carbohydrates, circulating insulin levels increase and circulation glucagon levels
normally do not change. - False



Which of the following conditions leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in beta-cells:

A. Long-term increases in blood FFAs and blood glucose

B. Acute increases in blood FFAs

C Acute increased in blood glucose. - A is correct

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