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PSIO 303-Exam 3 Questions With Correct Solutions, Already Passed!!
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Release of adiponectin from fat cells would promote the development of cardiovascular associated defects and impairments in Metabolic Syndrome. - False When it comes to essential hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome, it is suggested that __________ and __________ may be responsible for the develop...

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  • August 17, 2024
  • 33
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • psio 303

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PSIO 303-Exam 3
Release of adiponectin from fat cells would promote the development of cardiovascular associated
defects and impairments in Metabolic Syndrome. - False



When it comes to essential hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome, it is suggested that __________ and
__________ may be responsible for the development of this core component by increasing central
sympathetic outflow, causing peripheral vasoconstriction, and more. - insulin resistance;
hyperinsulinemia




The tissue type primarily responsible for peripheral glucose disposal and for whole-body insulin
resistance is? - skeletal muscle



Which of the following is neither a core component nor an additional component of Metabolic
Syndrome? - Hyperkeratosis



Of the following pairs of components, which are the earliest that arise with Metabolic Syndrome? -
hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance



Which of the following statements about Metabolic Syndrome is false? - The onset of symptoms is
typically very rapid



Individuals with a 2-hour glucose level above 200 mg/dL during an OGTT can be diagnosed with type 2
diabetes. - True



Skeletal muscle is a major organ for both the removal of glucose from the bloodstream and the delivery
of glucose into the bloodstream following glycogen breakdown. - False



Reactive oxygen species cause cellular dysfunction and do not play a role in normal growth and
metabolism. - False

,Glucose that enters the bloodstream from the intestines is first processed and detected by the pancreas.
- False



Enzymes which remove phosphates from cellular proteins are called __________, whereas enzymes
which add phosphates to cellular proteins are called - phosphatases; kinases



Which of the following statements regarding signal transduction is FALSE?

1. Signal transduction relies exclusively on cell surface receptors in order to change cellular behavior.

2. The use of second messengers allows for signal transduction events to be amplified in the cell.

3. Signal transduction is used by the body to change the function of cells.

4. Phosphorylation of proteins is a critical (and quite common) component of signal transduction in cells.
- Phosphorylation of proteins is a critical (and quite common) component of signal transduction in
cells.



A chemical messenger secreted by one cell and acting on the same cell in the same tissue is an example
of paracrine communication. - False



Phosphorylation events become less common throughout the subsequent stages of cellular signal
transduction. - False



ACh receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that permit the movement of what ion when ACh binds? -
Na+



When a ligand binds to a GPCR, the activated GPCR becomes capable to doing what for G proteins? -
It can now enable a new GTP molecule from the cytoplasm to replace the old GDP molecule
bound to the α subunit of the G protein.



Adenylate cyclase uses the substrate _____ to form the second messenger chemical _____, and the
increase in this second messenger chemical causes the activation of the enzyme named _____. -
ATP; cAMP; PKA

,The α subunits of the _____ subfamily of G proteins interact with (and stimulate) adenylate cyclase when
activated. - Gs



The α subunits of the _____ subfamily of G proteins interact with phospholipase C (PLC) when activated.
- Gq, 11




What is metabolic syndrome also referred to as - referred to as Syndrome X, the Insulin resistance
(IR) syndrome, and cardio metabolic syndrome (CMS)



Components of Metabolic Syndrome - 1. Visceral obesity

2. Insulin Resistance

3. Hyperinsulinemia

4. Glucose intolerance

5. Dyslipidemia

6. Essential hypertension



Visceral obesity - an increase in visceral or abdominal adipose tissue



What is the assessment of overall overweight or obesity - body mass index (BMI) kg/m^2



What is a weakness to BMI? What test can we do that is more accurate? - doesn't reflect fat
distribution. We can do an assessment of visceral obesity which is waist circumference via MRI



Where on the body does the assessment measure visceral fat? - between iliac crest and lower ribs



How does visceral obesity associated with components of the metabolic - closely associated with
components of metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance, due to adipose tissue-derived factors



What is the primary organ of insulin response - skeletal muscle

, what other major organs contribute to insulin resistance? -



History chart of metabolic syndrome - DRAW out

1. Body Size (Increase BMI or increase central adiposity)

2. Insulin resistance + Hyperinsulinemia

3. Glucose metabolism (glucose intolerance) + uric acid metabolism ( increase uric acid, decrease urinary
uric acid clearance) + Dyslipidemia ( increase TG, increase PP lipidemia, decrease HDL-C, decrease PHLA,
small dense LDL) + Hemodynamic (Increase SNS, increase sodium retention, hypertension) + novel risk
factors (Increase CRP, increase PAI-1, increase fibrinogen)

4. Coronary Heart disease



What are the additional components of metabolic syndrome - 1. Adipocyte dysfunction

2. Accelerated atherosclerosis

3. Endothelial dysfunction

4. Renal dysfunction

5. Hepatic steatosis

6. Inflammation

7. Hypercoagulability



adipocyte dysfunction definition - dysregulation of adipokine secretion



Accelerated atherosclerosis: - increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality



endothelial dysfunction - dysregulation of microcirculatory responses



Renal dysfunction - micro or macro albuminuria



hepatic steotosis - elevated lipid storage (fatty liver)

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