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BIO 446L Exam 1 Questions and Correct Answers
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Two general approaches for studying cells and tissues? 1. Histological Approach (most frequent) 2.Direct Observation What does direct observation of cells and tissue entail? Cell and organ culture Transillumination of organs Radiation probes Vital and supravital staining Achondroplasia one form o...

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  • August 17, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • bio 446l exam 1 questions and correct answers
  • two general approaches for studying cells and tiss
  • what does direct observation of cells and tissue e

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BIO 446L Exam 1 Questions and Correct
Answers
Two general approaches for studying cells and tissues? ✅1. Histological Approach
(most frequent)
2.Direct Observation

What does direct observation of cells and tissue entail? ✅Cell and organ culture
Transillumination of organs
Radiation probes
Vital and supravital staining

Achondroplasia ✅one form of dwarfism that affects bone growth wherein cartilage
doesn't convert into a bone

Achondroplasia is caused by? ✅a mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
(FGFR3) gene

Integral or transmembrane proteins ✅proteins embedded or passing through plasma
membrane

Peripheral membrane proteins ✅proteins associated with but not embedded within the
plasma membrane

Glycocalyx ✅The external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-
cell communication.

Lipid rafts ✅Collections of similar lipids with or without associated proteins that serve
as attachment points for other biomolecules. High concentrations of cholesterol
molecules

Which microscopy is used to view plasma membrane? ✅Electron Microscopy

Membrane proteins medical application ✅alzheimers disease

Endocytosis ✅process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the
cell membrane

Exocytosis ✅Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

,Phagocytosis ✅process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large
particles and take them into the cell

Pinocytosis ✅A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its
dissolved solutes.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis ✅The movement of specific molecules into a cell by
the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites
specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of
specific substances.

Endocrine signaling ✅Specialized cells release hormone molecules into vessels of the
circulatory system, by which they travel to target cells in other parts of the body.

Paracrine signaling ✅Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells.

Synaptic signaling ✅a type of local signaling specific to neurotransmitters in nerve
cells

Membrane Proteins And Cell Communication medical application ✅problems with
receptor proteins responding to hormones, immune response

Mitochondria is not present in which cells? ✅red blood cells and terminal keratinocytes

Mitochondria are abundant in which cells? ✅cells that use large amounts of energy

What does the folding of the mitochondrial inner membrane shown here provide?
✅increase surface area

Mitochondria medical application ✅mitochondrial deficiency diseases

Rough endoplasmic reticulum ✅synthesizes proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ✅synthesizes lipids and deals with detoxification

Golgi apparatus ✅A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for
export by the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum associated degredation ✅unsalvageable proteins are
translocated back into thecytosol, conjugated to ubiquitin, and then degraded by
proteasomes

What are the cell granules? ✅secretory, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasome

, Secretory granules ✅Large, densely packed, membrane-bound structure containing
highly concentrated secretory materials that are discharged into the extracellular space
(secreted) following a stimulatory signal

Lysosomes ✅An organelle containing digestive enzymes to perform intracellular
digestion

Peroxisomes ✅Contain oxidase substrates that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide,
and other harmful chemicals

Proteasome ✅A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged
for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin. Associated with ERAD

Cytoskeleton function ✅1. Determine shape
2. Movement of organelles
3. Movement of the cell

Examples of cytoskeleton ✅1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate filaments

Microtubules ✅form near nucleus and grow toward cell periphery; create a systems of
connections within cell; guide vesicles in movement within cell

Microfilaments ✅actin filaments that are present inn all cell types and are often
grouped in bundles.

Microfilaments function ✅anchorage and movement of membrane proteins

Form structural core of microvilli

Extension of cell processes

Movement of cell

Intermediate filaments ✅Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly
twice as thick as microfilaments; support and structural role

Four major classes of intermediate filaments ✅Keratin (epithelial cells)

Vimentin (mesoderm-derived cells like muscle, glial)

Neurafilaments (neurons)

Lamins (in nucleus of cells)

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