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MCAT: Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior Section || with Error-free Solutions.
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Parasympathetic nervous system synapses location correct answers Close to the target organ Parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters correct answers Acetylcholine is used at both synapses Sympathetic nervous system synapses location correct answers Near the spine between T1 and L2/L3 ...

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  • August 18, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • parasympathetic nervous system synapses location

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  • MCAT: Psychological, Social, and Biological Founda
  • MCAT: Psychological, Social, and Biological Founda

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MCAT: Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of
Behavior Section || with Error-free Solutions.
Parasympathetic nervous system synapses location correct answers Close to the target organ

Parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters correct answers Acetylcholine is used at both
synapses

Sympathetic nervous system synapses location correct answers Near the spine between T1 and
L2/L3

Sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter correct answers preganglionic neurons release
ACh, and postganglionic - norepinephrine

Medulla oblongata correct answers breathing, heart rate, blood pressure (vital functions)

Pons correct answers primarily relay of sensory and motor information

Cerebellum correct answers posture, balance, coordinates body movements

Bumps on the back of the midbrain: correct answers Superior colliculi: visual sensory info relay
Inferior colliculi: auditory sensory info relay

Telencephalon correct answers Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

Diencephalon correct answers thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland

Thalamus correct answers relay for all senses except smell

Extrapyramidal motor system correct answers gathers information about body position -
proprioception and carries to CNS

Septal Nuclei (limbic system) correct answers one of primary pleasure centres in the brain

Amygdala correct answers aggressive behaviour, fear and rage

Hippocampus correct answers - learning and memory
- long term memory consolidation

Prefrontal cortex correct answers manages executive function
- supervises processes involved with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-
term planning

Association area correct answers - integrates inputs from diverse brain regions

,projection areas correct answers - sensory processing areas

Broca's area correct answers speech production (frontal lobe)

Wernicke's area correct answers language comprehension (temporal lobe)

Catecholamines correct answers Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine - synthesized from
tyrosine

Neurulation correct answers - begins at 3-4 weeks' gestational age
- ectoderm overlaying the notochords begins to furrow - forms a neural groove surrounded by
two neural folds, furrow closes and forms the neural tube (becomes the CNS)
alar plate become sensory neurons
basal plate becomes motor neurons

Endoderm correct answers lining of digestive tract (epithelial cells), lungs, urinary bladder,
stomach, colon, liver, pancreas

Mesoderm correct answers skeletal muscle, bones, circulatory system, connective tissue, adipose
tissue, dermis

Ectoderm correct answers CNS, PNS, epidermis, hair, nails, lens of the eye

Rooting reflex correct answers infant turning of the head toward a stimulus that touches its cheek

Moro reflex correct answers infants react to abrupt movements of the head by flinging out their
arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying - normally gone by 4 months

Babinski reflex correct answers - toes spread apart when sole of foot is stimulated

Weber's law correct answers states that there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus
magnitude needed to produce a jnd (just noticeable difference) and the magnitude of the original
stimulus
- aka a ratio/percent rather than a numerical value (jnd)

Catch trial correct answers signal is presented

noise trial correct answers signal is not presented

absolute threshold correct answers minimum intensity of a stimulus we can sense (not
necessarily perceive)

pathway light travels through the eye correct answers cornea (focuses light) - anterior chamber -
iris - posterior chamber - lens - vitreous humour - retina

, optic chiasm correct answers nasal optic nerve fibres cross, lateral fibres continue and meet up
with decussated nasal fibres to form the optic tract

Visual pathway correct answers Optic nerve - optic chiasm - optic tract - Lateral Geniculate
Nucleus of Thalamus - visual cortex
- also inputs to superior colliculus

Parvocellular cells correct answers detect shape
- have very high colour spatial resolution

Magnocellular cells correct answers detect motion
have high temporal resolution

Pathway of sound (ear structures) correct answers Pinna (auricle) - external auditory canal -
tympanic membrane (eardrum) - ossicles (malleus [hammer], incus [anvil], stapes [stirrup]) -
oval window or round window - membranous labyrinth (cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals)

Vestibule correct answers utricle and saccule are sensitive to linear acceleration
- detected by hair cells covered in otoliths that resist motion as body accelerates - bending -
signal

Semicircular canals correct answers sensitive to rotational accleration
- sensed in the ampulla by hair cells

Hearing correct answers organ of corti bathed in endolymph and composed of thousands of hair
cells sense vibrations and relay signal to brainstem via vestibulocochlear nerve - ascend to
medial geniculate nucleus then to auditory cortex - or superior olive (sound localization) - or
inferior colliculus (startle reflex

Pacinian corpuscles correct answers respond to deep pressure and vibration (fires when pressure
is first administered and when it is removed)

Meissner corpuscles correct answers respond to light touch (fire when touch is first administered
and when it is removed)

Merkle discs correct answers respond to deep pressure and texture (fire to constant pressure)

Ruffini endings correct answers respond to stretch (fire to constant pressure)

Free nerve endings correct answers respond to pain and temperature

gate theory of pain correct answers proposes that there is a special "gating" mechanism that can
turn pain signals on or off, affecting whether or not we perceive pain - spinal cord can
preferentially forward signals from other modalities (pressure, temp)

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