PHGY 210-CARDIO EXAM LATEST
UPDATE
what are 3 indirect measures of blood pressure? - Answer -palpation
-auscultation
-oscillometry
vague function of CVS - Answer organ system to transport molecules and other
substances rapidly over the long distances between cells, tissues and organs
specific functions of CVS - Answer -bring nutrients into the body (ex: from intestine to
liver)
-bring fuel to the cells (ex: glucose from liver to brain)
-bring oxygen to cells from lungs
-remove waste products from cells/body ex: CO2, urea)
-circulate hormones (ex: adrenaline, aldosterone from adrenal glands)
-circulate immune cells and antibodies
-regulate pH (lungs and kidneys)
-regulate water balance (exercise, dehydration)
-thermoregulation (exercise- hyperthemia/hypothermia)
heart - Answer pump-pushes blood through the vasculature and irrigates other organs
and systems
vasculature - Answer -designed to carry out the blood
-change in size/structure
-conductance (respond to systolic/diastolic pressure) vs. microcoordination (exchange
between the blood and extracellular fluid)
blood cell types - Answer -red blood cells-erythrocytes
-white blood cells-leukocytes
-platelets (coagulation)
the cvs can act as a transporter due to what? - Answer diffusion
diffusion defn - Answer movement of molecules from an area of high conc of molecules
,to an area with a lower conc
factors that regulate the process of diffusion and how - Answer -distance (greater the
distance, slower the diffusion rate)
-temperature (generally higher temp leads to better diffusion)
-characteristics of the solvent (higher density leads to lower diffusion rates)
-characteristics of the molecule (higher mass, lower diffusion)
-characteristics of the barrier (cell membrane: affinity, surface area size and thickness)
flux of gas equation - Answer area/thickness x solubility/square root MW x (P1-P2)
flux of gas - Answer flux of gas=membrane diffusing capacity x pressure gradient across
the membrane
what would happen during fibrosis? - Answer less oxygenation of the blood because
space between blood and air is thicker due to overproduction of a layer
explain insect circulation - Answer -hemolymph is the circulatory fluid in insects (not
blood)
-does not transport oxygen (does not have hemoglobin)
-respiration is carried out by the tracheal system
-open system, with circulation from back to front thanks to the dorsal vessel made up of
an aorta and thoracic bulbs (heart)
-hear part is made up of chambers all ending in a valve called ostiole. the ostiole is the
part where the hemolympth is pumped. the valves close with each contraction allowing
fluid to move from back to front.
fish circulation - Answer -fish have a single heart (no right or left ventricle/atrium or
venous/arterial)
-blood arrives through veins into a cavity called the atrium and then enters the ventricle
-venticle has a large muscular wall that allows blood to be sent into the artery when it
contracts
-blood is reoxygenated at the level of the gill branches
amphibians circulation - Answer -closed circulation
-2 circulations (small or pulmonocutaneous and large or systemic)
-3 chambers (2 atria and a single ventricle)
-small circulation leaves the ventricle towards the lungs and the skin, places where gas
,exchanges take place
-blood enriched in O2 returns to the left atrium, then passes into the ventricle which
ejects blood into the systemic circulation
-oxygen-depleted blood then returns to the right atrium then to the ventricle to start the
circuit again
how can 1 ventricle work in terms of oxygen rich vs. oxygen depleted blood? - Answer
blood does not get mixed because structure is so well balanced (no need for division)
crocodile/alligator circulation - Answer -4 chambers (2 atriums, 2 ventricles)
-2 aortas (right atrium connects the left ventricle to systemic circulation and a left aorta
connects right ventricle to systemic circulation
-when underwater, valve between right ventricle and pulmonary circulation called
"gear-tooth valve" closes. Causes oxygen-poor blood from right side of heart to enter
left aorta and therefore enter systemic circulation.
-on the left side of the heart the valve to the aorta is also closed and the tissues receive
blood poor in oxygen.
avians and mammalians circulation - Answer -4 chambers (2 atriums and 2 ventricles
physically seperated by the septum)
-right side sends blood to lung, left side side sends blood to rest of body
-oxygenated blood is seperated from deoxygenated blood allowing a better supply of O2
to cells and tissues
haemodynamics - Answer -"branch of physiology dealing with the forces involved in the
circulation of the blood"
-"circulation and movement of blood in the body and the forces involved therein"
blood volume - Answer 5L
blood unit - Answer 450 mL
stroke volume - Answer 70 mL
stroke volume defn - Answer volume of blood pumped out of heart during each
contraction
stroke volume eqn - Answer SV= end-diastolic V-end systolic V
percent of blood venous system - Answer 61%
percent of blood arterial system - Answer 18%
, describe venous system - Answer compliant- it can change accordingly to the changes
in volume
describe arterial system - Answer resistant- changes in volume increase resistance
cardiac output - Answer 5L/min
HR - Answer 70 bpm
cardiac output defn - Answer amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute and is
equal to the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume
venous return defn - Answer refers to the flow of blood from the periphery back to the
atrium, and is equal to cardiac output
blood flow defn - Answer volume of blood circulating per unit of time. can be expresed in
mL/min or in L/min
blood flow eqn - Answer blood flow= V/T
other blood flow eqn - Answer flow= area x mean velocity (cm^2/sec or cm^3/sec)
describe how the structure of different vessels follows their function and order of
vessels in circulation - Answer -aorta: increased diameter, good at receiving high
pressure
-large artery: dissipates pressure gradually
-small artery
-arteriole: keeps pumping going
-capillaries: very thin, perfect for diffusion
-venule
-vein: doesn't contract as much, majority of blood here
-venca cava
-heart
at any given moment where will blood be located, in percentages - Answer -30% in
arteries
-5% in capillaries
-65% in veins
UPDATE
what are 3 indirect measures of blood pressure? - Answer -palpation
-auscultation
-oscillometry
vague function of CVS - Answer organ system to transport molecules and other
substances rapidly over the long distances between cells, tissues and organs
specific functions of CVS - Answer -bring nutrients into the body (ex: from intestine to
liver)
-bring fuel to the cells (ex: glucose from liver to brain)
-bring oxygen to cells from lungs
-remove waste products from cells/body ex: CO2, urea)
-circulate hormones (ex: adrenaline, aldosterone from adrenal glands)
-circulate immune cells and antibodies
-regulate pH (lungs and kidneys)
-regulate water balance (exercise, dehydration)
-thermoregulation (exercise- hyperthemia/hypothermia)
heart - Answer pump-pushes blood through the vasculature and irrigates other organs
and systems
vasculature - Answer -designed to carry out the blood
-change in size/structure
-conductance (respond to systolic/diastolic pressure) vs. microcoordination (exchange
between the blood and extracellular fluid)
blood cell types - Answer -red blood cells-erythrocytes
-white blood cells-leukocytes
-platelets (coagulation)
the cvs can act as a transporter due to what? - Answer diffusion
diffusion defn - Answer movement of molecules from an area of high conc of molecules
,to an area with a lower conc
factors that regulate the process of diffusion and how - Answer -distance (greater the
distance, slower the diffusion rate)
-temperature (generally higher temp leads to better diffusion)
-characteristics of the solvent (higher density leads to lower diffusion rates)
-characteristics of the molecule (higher mass, lower diffusion)
-characteristics of the barrier (cell membrane: affinity, surface area size and thickness)
flux of gas equation - Answer area/thickness x solubility/square root MW x (P1-P2)
flux of gas - Answer flux of gas=membrane diffusing capacity x pressure gradient across
the membrane
what would happen during fibrosis? - Answer less oxygenation of the blood because
space between blood and air is thicker due to overproduction of a layer
explain insect circulation - Answer -hemolymph is the circulatory fluid in insects (not
blood)
-does not transport oxygen (does not have hemoglobin)
-respiration is carried out by the tracheal system
-open system, with circulation from back to front thanks to the dorsal vessel made up of
an aorta and thoracic bulbs (heart)
-hear part is made up of chambers all ending in a valve called ostiole. the ostiole is the
part where the hemolympth is pumped. the valves close with each contraction allowing
fluid to move from back to front.
fish circulation - Answer -fish have a single heart (no right or left ventricle/atrium or
venous/arterial)
-blood arrives through veins into a cavity called the atrium and then enters the ventricle
-venticle has a large muscular wall that allows blood to be sent into the artery when it
contracts
-blood is reoxygenated at the level of the gill branches
amphibians circulation - Answer -closed circulation
-2 circulations (small or pulmonocutaneous and large or systemic)
-3 chambers (2 atria and a single ventricle)
-small circulation leaves the ventricle towards the lungs and the skin, places where gas
,exchanges take place
-blood enriched in O2 returns to the left atrium, then passes into the ventricle which
ejects blood into the systemic circulation
-oxygen-depleted blood then returns to the right atrium then to the ventricle to start the
circuit again
how can 1 ventricle work in terms of oxygen rich vs. oxygen depleted blood? - Answer
blood does not get mixed because structure is so well balanced (no need for division)
crocodile/alligator circulation - Answer -4 chambers (2 atriums, 2 ventricles)
-2 aortas (right atrium connects the left ventricle to systemic circulation and a left aorta
connects right ventricle to systemic circulation
-when underwater, valve between right ventricle and pulmonary circulation called
"gear-tooth valve" closes. Causes oxygen-poor blood from right side of heart to enter
left aorta and therefore enter systemic circulation.
-on the left side of the heart the valve to the aorta is also closed and the tissues receive
blood poor in oxygen.
avians and mammalians circulation - Answer -4 chambers (2 atriums and 2 ventricles
physically seperated by the septum)
-right side sends blood to lung, left side side sends blood to rest of body
-oxygenated blood is seperated from deoxygenated blood allowing a better supply of O2
to cells and tissues
haemodynamics - Answer -"branch of physiology dealing with the forces involved in the
circulation of the blood"
-"circulation and movement of blood in the body and the forces involved therein"
blood volume - Answer 5L
blood unit - Answer 450 mL
stroke volume - Answer 70 mL
stroke volume defn - Answer volume of blood pumped out of heart during each
contraction
stroke volume eqn - Answer SV= end-diastolic V-end systolic V
percent of blood venous system - Answer 61%
percent of blood arterial system - Answer 18%
, describe venous system - Answer compliant- it can change accordingly to the changes
in volume
describe arterial system - Answer resistant- changes in volume increase resistance
cardiac output - Answer 5L/min
HR - Answer 70 bpm
cardiac output defn - Answer amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute and is
equal to the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume
venous return defn - Answer refers to the flow of blood from the periphery back to the
atrium, and is equal to cardiac output
blood flow defn - Answer volume of blood circulating per unit of time. can be expresed in
mL/min or in L/min
blood flow eqn - Answer blood flow= V/T
other blood flow eqn - Answer flow= area x mean velocity (cm^2/sec or cm^3/sec)
describe how the structure of different vessels follows their function and order of
vessels in circulation - Answer -aorta: increased diameter, good at receiving high
pressure
-large artery: dissipates pressure gradually
-small artery
-arteriole: keeps pumping going
-capillaries: very thin, perfect for diffusion
-venule
-vein: doesn't contract as much, majority of blood here
-venca cava
-heart
at any given moment where will blood be located, in percentages - Answer -30% in
arteries
-5% in capillaries
-65% in veins
