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PHGY 216 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST UPDATE
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PHGY 216 MIDTERM EXAM LATESTUPDATE
what is homeostasis - Answer regulation of the internal environment around a
physiological set point
Required by cells and maintained through their specialized functions
How is endocrine system different from other phgy systems - Answer has glands
dispersed throughout the body
What are the glands of the endocrine system like - Answer dispersed throughout the
body
not connected structurally
form a coordinate system
all secrete hormones
what are the main 4 endocrine glands - Answer pituitary
parathyroid
thyroid
adrenal gland
also hypothalamus
How does the endocrine system work - Answer uses hormones to make homeostatic
changes
what are 6 functions of the endocrine system - Answer maintain constant internal
environment via regulation of metabolism and H2O/electrolyte balance
adaptive stress response
growth and development
reproduction
RBC production
integrat w the ANS in regulating circ and digestive functions
what are hormones - Answer chem substances secreted into the blood at low quantity
exert phgy force at a distant target
,what are the two main categories of hormones - Answer hydrophilic
lipophilic
what are hydrophilic hormones like - Answer highly water sol
low lipid sl
unbound to carrier molec in the plasma
what are types of hydrophilic hormones - Answer peptides
pro
amines
what are peptides like - Answer hydrophilic hors
short chains of AAs
dissolved in plasma
how are peptides syn - Answer pre hor are syn in ER ribos
pre hor travel thru ER and golgi and processed into act hor and packed into secretory
vesicles
these packed hor can be stored until cell recieves appropriate signal
when the signal comes exocytosis of the vesicle and the hor is released into the blood
what are pros - Answer longer chains of AAs
what are amines - Answer single AA residues
what are the types of amines - Answer catecholamines
thyroid
what are catecholamines - Answer norepinephrine and epinephrine
CAN BE FREE OR BOUND TO CARRIER MOLECULES
What hydrophilic hormone is different than most - Answer catecholamines
cause can be free or bound to carrier molecules
what amine hors are not hydrophilic - Answer thyroid
what are lipophilic hor - Answer lipid loving
hi sol in lipid
,low sol in water
req carrier molecule for transport thru out body
what are the types of lipophilic hor - Answer amine thyroid
steroid
how are steroid hor syn - Answer ex. cholesterol
prod by tissue (depends on the specific enzymes in the cell of the tissue)
because so lipophilic not stored but released when syn
how do u regulate lipophilic hors - Answer regulate the synthesis
how do hydrophilic and lipophilic hor differ - Answer hydrophilic = stored until signal
activates their release
lipophilic = not stored
hydrophilic = not bound to carrier molec in plasma
lipophilic = bound to carrier molec in plasma
what hor are dissolved in plasma - Answer peptide
what hor are bound to carrier molec - Answer lipophilic
steroid and thyroid
what hor can be bound or free in plasma - Answer catecholamins
what do hor need to be to interact w their target cells - Answer FREE
what does it mean for a hor to be freee - Answer unbound hormone
so can interact w a rs at its target
not an issue for hydrophilic hormones and catecholamines
, issue for lipophilic hormones
how is the fact the lipophilic hormones need a carrier molecules a problem - Answer
need to be unbound to interact w target
so lipophilic hor are in bound to their carriers in a a dynamic equilibrium
what does it mean that there is a dynamic equil of the lipophilic hor binding to its carrier
- Answer at any time not 100p of the lipophilic hor in blood is bound to its carrier
they are dynamically binding and unbinding so theres a small part always unbound
unbound hor = active and able to act on target cells
predict where the Rs of peptide and catecholamine Rs are located in the cell - Answer
on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
because these hor are hydrophilic - so unable to freely cross the lipid bilayer of the cell
predict where the Rs of steroid and thyroid Rs are located in the cell - Answer inside the
plasma mem
because these hor are lipophilic - can easily slip thru plasma mem and bind to rs inside
the cell
what happens after a HYDROPHILIC (peptide and catecholamiens) hormones binds to
its rs - Answer bind to surface of cell
prod effects within cells by activating secondary messengers systems
these pathways are able to amplify the initial signal
what are examples of HYDROPHILIC hor binding to their rs - Answer cAMP
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