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AP Bio Unit 5 | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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AP Bio Unit 5 | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100% VerifiedSignal Transduction Pathway - Process that a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular
response
Local Regulators - Signals short distance messages, including paracrine and synapatic signaling
Hormones - Long Distance signaling, in animals and plants. Specialized cells release them into blood
vessels where they travel to target cells
Lingand - Term for a molecule that specifically bonds to another molecule. Often changes it's shape
which enables interacting
Steps in Signal Transduction Pathway - 1 - Reception
2 - Transduction
3 - Response
G-Protein Linked Receptors - When GDP is bonded, it's inactive, then turns on with GTP, goes along
membrane until it activates an enzyme, returning it to GDP. On plasma membrane
G-Protein - Guanine
Tyrosine Kinases receptor - Unique because it can signal more than 1 pathway at once... More bang for
your buck
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel - Gate opens or closes when Ligand bonds to it channel conformation of
receptor allows ion to pass through
Protein Kinase - Enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein
, Protein Phosphatease - Causes dephosphorylation, enzymes that quickly remove phosphate groups from
proteins
Second Messenger - Small, nonprotein, water soluble molecules or ions, most common are cyclic AMP
and Ca2+ ions
Cyclic AMP - Adenosine monophosphate. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP in response to
extracellular signal
Adenylyl Cyclase - Enzyme embedded in plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to
extracellular signal.
Diacyclglycerol (DAG) - Second messenger, produced by cleavage of specific phospholipid in plasma
membrane.
Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) - Second messenger that works with DAG to release calcium
Tyrosine Kinase - part of receptor protein extending into cytoplasm - an enzyme that catalyzes the
transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to an amino acid on a substrate protein
Cell Cycle - The life of a cell from the time it's 1st formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division
into 2 cells
Cell Division - Reproduction of cells -- continues to function in renewal and repair after organism is fully
grown
Genome - A cell's endowment of DNA, arrangement differs slightly in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Chromosomes - Packaged DNA molecules, allows for manageable replication and distribution
Somatic Cell - All body cells except reproductive cells, have 46 chromosomes
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