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Campbell Biology Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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Campbell Biology Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified

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Campbell Biology Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein | Questions And Answers Latest
{2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100% Verified


gene expression - The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just
RNAs. Includes 2 stages - transcription and translation



Garrod - scientist who was the first to say in 1909 that genes determine phenotype through the
production of enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions; diseases caused by missing enzymes are
"inborn errors of metabolism"



Beadle and Tatum - Exposed bread mold to X-rays, creating mutants. Showed that each gene encodes a
particular substance ("one gene, one enzyme" concept, later restated "one gene one polypeptide").



transcription - process by which a DNA template is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule



messenger RNA - RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into
proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell



translation - Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain



ribosomes - sites of translation



primary transcript - the initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those specifying RNA that is not
translated into protein



triplet code - the normal version of the genetic code in which a sequence of three nucleotides codes for
the synthesis of a specific amino acid



central dogma - Crick, 1956, theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to
proteins

, template strand - the strand of DNA that the RNA polymerase uses as a guide to build complementary
mRNA



codon - a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic
code information for a particular amino acid (64 were deciphered by mid 1960s, 61 code for amino
acids, 3 are stop signals)



reading frame - the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons



AUG - codon that initaties ("start" signal) and also codes amino acid Methionine



redundant - more than 1 codon may specify a particular amino acid



ambiguous - no codon specifies more than one amino acid



reading frame - the division of a sequence of DNA or RNA into a particular series of three-nucleotide
codons. There are three possible reading frames for any sequence



RNA polymerase - enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
during transcription, they can start a chain without a primer.



promoter - A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to
start transcribing RNA.



terminator - In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA
polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA.



transcription unit - the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule



3 stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, termination

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