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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 16th Edition (Tortora, 2020) Chapter 1-29 | 9781119662792 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals
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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 16th Edition (Tortora, 2020) Chapter 1-29 | 9781119662792 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals

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Test Bank For Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 16th
Edition (Tortora, 2020) Chapter 1-29 | 9781119662792 | All
Chapters with Answers and Rationals

what are the three types of muscle tissue? - ANSWER: skeletal
smooth
cardiac

alternating light and dark bands on muscle tissue - ANSWER: striations

List the three types of muscles and indicate whether they are voluntary or involuntary and what is the
major locus of control. - ANSWER: skeletal is voluntary and controlled by the brain
smooth is involuntary and controlled by the brain
cardiac is involuntary and controlled by a pacemaker inside the heart itself

where can you find cardiac muscle - ANSWER: most of the heart wall

built in rhythm - ANSWER: auto rhythmicity

What can cause the heart rate to change and how does it affect the heart - ANSWER: hormones and
neurotransmitters adjust heart rate by speeding or slowing the pacemaker

where do you find smooth muscle in the human body - ANSWER: walls of hollow internal structures
and most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

where can you find muscles that have autorhythmicity - ANSWER: muscles in the heart and muscles in
the gastrointestinal tract

what subdivision of the nervous system controls the involuntary muscle - ANSWER: the autonomic
nervous system

what are the four functions of muscular tissue - ANSWER: 1. producing body movements
2. stabilizing body position
3. storing and moving substances within the body
4. generating heat

What are the four properties of muscular tissue? - ANSWER: 1. electrical excitability
2. contractility
3. extensity
4. elasticity

the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals - ANSWER: electrical excitability

the ability to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential - ANSWER: contractility

the ability to stretch within limits without being damaged - ANSWER: extensibility

the ability to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension - ANSWER: elasticity

electrical signals in a muscle - ANSWER: muscle action potentials

what are the two main types of stimuli that can stimulate an muscle action potential - ANSWER:
autorhythmic electrical signals
chemical stimuli - neurotransmitters, hormones, change in pH

,When a skeletal muscle contracts, it generates ________ while pulling on its attachment points.
(force of contraction) - ANSWER: tension force

Give an example of a muscle that is producing tension but not shortening. - ANSWER: holding a book
in your outstretched

what tissue within the muscle limits the range of extensibility? - ANSWER: connective tissue

which type of muscle tissue undergoes the greatest amount extension? - ANSWER: smooth muscle,
especially in your digestive tract

Each of our skeletal muscles is a separate organ composed of hundreds to thousands of cells, which
are called _____________ because of their ________. - ANSWER: muscle fiber
elongated shape

What layer separates muscle from skin?
What type of tissue is that layer composed of? - ANSWER: subcutaneous layer
areolar and adipose

What does the subcutaneous layer do for the muscles? - ANSWER: 1. it provides a way for nerve,
blood, lymph to get the muscle.
2. triglycerides insulate and protect the muscle

a dense sheet of connective tissue that lines the body wall and binds muscles with similar functions
together. - ANSWER: fascia

the outermost layer of dense, irregular connective tissue that encircles the entire muscle - ANSWER:
epimysium

dense irregular tissue that surrounds groups of 10 to 100 muscle fibers - ANSWER: perimysium

a group of 10 to 100 muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium - ANSWER: fasicles

reticular tissue that penetrates the fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another -
ANSWER: endomysium

the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium together form this rope-like extension extending
beyond the muscle - ANSWER: tendon

the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium together form this broad, flat, sheet extending beyond
the muscle - ANSWER: aponeurosis

a chronic, painful, nonarticular rheumatic disorder that affects he fibrous connective tissue
components of muscles and ligaments - ANSWER: fibromyalgia


what is the size of a mature skeletal muscle fiber (cell)? - ANSWER: diameter 10 - 100 micrometers
length 10 centimeters (4 inch) - 30 centimeters

what are the embryonic cells that differentiates into a mature skeletal fiber? - ANSWER: mesodermal
stem cells become myoblast

the plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle cell - ANSWER: sarcolemma

cytoplasm of the muscle fiber - ANSWER: sarcoplasm

, what carbohydrate is found in large concentrations in the sarcoplasm? - ANSWER: glycogen

oxygen storing protein only found in muscle - ANSWER: myoglobin

these organelles are in large amounts in the muscle fiber and lie close to the contractile filaments -
ANSWER: mitochondria

tiny threadlike contractile organelles in the muscle fiber cells - ANSWER: myofibril

tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that form tunnels towards the center of the muscle fiber -
ANSWER: tranverse tubule (T tubule)

what structure spreads the muscle action potential throughout the muscle fiber - ANSWER: transverse
T tubules

a fluid-filled system of membranous sacs that encircle every myofibril - ANSWER: sarcoplasmic
reticulum

dilated ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER: terminal cisterns

an increase in the number of muscle fibers, usually during embryonic development - ANSWER:
muscular hyperplasia

An increase in the production of myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and other
organelles that usually occurs after birth - ANSWER: muscular hypertrophy

how do growth hormones and sex hormones affect muscle cells? - ANSWER: increase the size of the
muscle fibers

myoblasts that persist in skeletal muscle fibers after they have fused - ANSWER: satellite cells

what is special about the satellite cells in a muscle? - ANSWER: satellite cells retain the capacity to
fuse with one another or damaged muscle to repair tissue.

wasting away of muscles - ANSWER: muscular atrophy

wasting away of muscles due to inactivity - ANSWER: disuse atrophy

wasting away of muscles due to severing the nerve supply - ANSWER: denervation atrophy

- ANSWER: sarcolemma

- ANSWER: sarcoplasmic reticulum

there is a limited number of satellite cells and this means only a small amount of muscle can be
repaired. What happens with the rest of damaged muscle? - ANSWER: Damaged muscle undergoes
fibrosis, the replacement of muscle fiber with fibrous scar tissue

- ANSWER: transverse tubule

- ANSWER: terminal cisterns

b - ANSWER: myofibril triad

a - ANSWER: sarcolemma

c - ANSWER: myofirbril

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