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APK final exam questions & answers 2024/2025
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APK final exam questions & answers 2024/2025 Hierarchy of Structural Organization - ANSWERSchemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism anatomical position - ANSWERS Regional terminology - ANSWERS Body Planes and Sections - ANSWERSsagittal, frontal, transverse What are...

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  • August 21, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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APK final exam questions & answers
2024/2025

Hierarchy of Structural Organization - ANSWERSchemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism



anatomical position - ANSWERS



Regional terminology - ANSWERS



Body Planes and Sections - ANSWERSsagittal, frontal, transverse



What are the smallest living units in our bodies? - ANSWERScells



3 main structural components of ANY cell - ANSWERSplasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus



General structure of the plasma membrane - fluid mosaic model - ANSWERS· Fluid mosaic model

· Constructed of proteins with a lipid bilayer

-Phospholipids: amphiphilic (polar), with hydrophobic tails forming a protective layer.

-Cholesterol: Found in lipid tails, maintains structure of the membrane

· Contributes to waterproofing. Low density cholesterol transports.

-Glycolipids

· Attaches to the head of phospholipids on extracellular fluids

· Creates glycocalyx on the outside, allowing other cells to recognize it as friendly or enemy.

· Assists in sticking of cells.



tight junctions - ANSWERSproteins on both sides of the plasma membrane, tightly sealing that prevents
molecules from passing between them.

,desmosomes - ANSWERSanchoring junction, keeps cells together. Common in skin, flexible tissues.

Glycoproteins act like velcro. Allows stretching without tearing.



gap junctions - ANSWERSFeature a channel allowing larger molecules to pass through. Metabolic
coupling is movement of glucose and nutrients



transport - ANSWERS-Simple diffusion

-Facilitated diffusion (passive)

-Osmosis transports water

-Active transport

Works on basis of phagocytosis, creates a phagosome (vesicle w /molecules)

Can be receptor-mediated

Pinocytosis: creates a pit that sucks things in. Think "drinking a Piña colada"

Exocytosis: vesicle incorporated with plasma membrane, used to secrete things.



Cilia vs. flagella vs. microvilli - ANSWERS-Cilia: Found on the surface of cells, motile moves like a whip to
push stuff along. Uses microtubules.

-Microvilli: found in cuboidal / columnar cells. Non motile, used to increase surface area. Actin based.

Digestive system

-Flagella: whip-like motile structure



General functions of the major organelles - ANSWERS· Ribosomes: make proteins

· Rough ER: makes proteins and phospholipids

· Smooth ER: creates fat, breaks down lipids, calcium storage (doesn't have ribosomes)

· Golgi apparatus: "messenger". It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic
reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

· Peroxisome: removes toxic waste

· Mitochondria: powerhouse, produces energy necessary for survival, breaks down glucose into ATP



tissue - ANSWERSgroup of similar cells that perform a particular function

, extracellular matrix - ANSWERS· A 3D network of extracellular macromolecules, such as collagen,
enzymes, and glycoproteins, that provide structural support to surrounding cells



4 basic tissue types and their one-word functions - ANSWERS· Epithelial: covering

· Connective: support

· Muscle: movement

· Nervous: control



epithelial tissue - ANSWERS



connective tissue - ANSWERSsmall number of cells, high extracellular matrix



muscle tissue - ANSWERS



nervous tissue - ANSWERS



Special features of epithelium - ANSWERS· Covering / lining: skin, stomach, lining of organs

· Glandular: glands, sweat glands, pituitary, ect.

· High cellularity

· Polarity (apical and basal surface)

· Specialized contacts

· Avascular

· Basement membrane: basal lamina (basement membrane) and reticular fibers

· Basal lamina secreted by epithelium

· Reticular fibers secreted by CT



simple squamous epithelium - ANSWERS· Allows diffusion in blood vessels, found in lungs, serous
membrane.

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