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Khan Academy MCAT Psych/Soc | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Rated A+
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Khan Academy MCAT Psych/Soc | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Rated A+ What is the "looking-glass self" theory in sociology? The "looking-glass self" theory, developed by Charles Cooley, suggests that an individual's self-concept is shaped by how they believe others perceive them. Explain ...

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  • August 21, 2024
  • 254
  • 2024/2025
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Khan Academy MCAT Psych/Soc | Latest
Update | 2024/2025 | Rated A+

What is the "looking-glass self" theory in sociology?




✔✔The "looking-glass self" theory, developed by Charles Cooley, suggests that an individual's

self-concept is shaped by how they believe others perceive them.




Explain the concept of "groupthink" in decision-making.




✔✔Groupthink occurs when a group prioritizes consensus over critical analysis, leading to poor

decision-making due to the suppression of dissenting viewpoints.




What is the "Hawthorne effect" in psychological research?




✔✔The Hawthorne effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals alter their behavior in

response to being observed or knowing they are part of an experiment.




Describe the difference between "role conflict" and "role strain."


1

,✔✔Role conflict occurs when an individual faces incompatible demands from different social

roles, while role strain arises from competing demands within the same role.




What is the significance of "social capital" in sociology?




✔✔Social capital refers to the resources and benefits individuals gain from their social networks

and relationships, which can enhance opportunities and support within a community.




Explain "cognitive dissonance" and how it affects behavior.




✔✔Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when holding contradictory

beliefs or attitudes, often leading individuals to change their attitudes or behaviors to reduce the

inconsistency.




What is the concept of "stereotype threat," and how does it impact performance?




2

,✔✔Stereotype threat occurs when individuals fear confirming negative stereotypes about their

social group, which can lead to anxiety and reduced performance in situations where the

stereotype is relevant.




Describe the "socioeconomic gradient in health" and its implications.




✔✔The socioeconomic gradient in health refers to the observation that individuals with lower

socioeconomic status tend to have worse health outcomes, highlighting the impact of social and

economic factors on health.




What is "ethnocentrism," and how does it affect social interactions?




✔✔Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to judge other

cultures by the standards of one's own, often leading to misunderstandings and prejudice.




Explain the "fundamental attribution error" in social psychology.




✔✔The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics

and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone else's behavior.


3

, What is the "bystander effect" and how does it influence behavior in emergencies?




✔✔The bystander effect is the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an

emergency when others are present, often due to the diffusion of responsibility.




Describe the concept of "social loafing" and its impact on group work.




✔✔Social loafing occurs when individuals exert less effort in a group setting compared to when

working alone, leading to reduced productivity and effectiveness in group tasks.




What does "self-fulfilling prophecy" mean in social psychology?




✔✔A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a belief or expectation about a person or situation

leads to behaviors that cause the belief to come true.




Explain the concept of "in-group favoritism" and its effects on group dynamics.




4

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