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MCAT Bio/Biochem Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | 100% Verified
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MCAT Bio/Biochem Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | 100% Verified Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential. The sodium-potassium pump actively transports three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cel...

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  • August 21, 2024
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MCAT Bio/Biochem Questions and
Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 |
100% Verified
Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential.




✔✔The sodium-potassium pump actively transports three sodium ions out of the cell and two

potassium ions into the cell, helping to maintain the resting membrane potential by creating an

electrochemical gradient.




Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.




✔✔Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria, where electrons are transferred

through the electron transport chain, driving the production of ATP via chemiosmosis and the

ATP synthase enzyme.




What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?




✔✔Ribosomes facilitate the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain, assembling amino

acids in the correct order to form proteins.


1

,How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction?




✔✔Enzymes lower the activation energy by stabilizing the transition state, reducing the energy

required for the reaction to proceed.




Describe the role of tRNA in translation.




✔✔tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation, matching its anticodon

with the corresponding codon on the mRNA to ensure correct amino acid sequence.




What is the significance of the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) in enzyme kinetics?




✔✔The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) indicates the substrate concentration at which an

enzyme operates at half its maximum velocity, reflecting the enzyme's affinity for its substrate.




Explain the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition.




2

,✔✔In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme, blocking

substrate binding. In non-competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to a different site, altering

the enzyme's shape and reducing its activity.




What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in lipid metabolism?




✔✔The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of lipids,

including phospholipids and cholesterol, and also plays a role in detoxification.




Describe the process of DNA replication, including the role of key enzymes like DNA

polymerase and helicase.




✔✔During DNA replication, helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, creating replication forks.

DNA polymerase then synthesizes the new DNA strands by adding complementary nucleotides

to the template strands, ensuring accurate duplication of the genetic material.




Describe the role of the enzyme RNA polymerase in transcription.




3

, ✔✔RNA polymerase binds to the DNA promoter region and synthesizes a complementary RNA

strand by adding RNA nucleotides, effectively transcribing DNA into mRNA.




What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?




✔✔The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or

delivery to other organelles within the cell.




Explain the importance of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration.




✔✔The Krebs cycle generates high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and produces

ATP, playing a critical role in cellular respiration by providing the necessary molecules for the

electron transport chain.




What is the role of the immune system's B cells?




✔✔B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that specifically target and neutralize

pathogens, playing a key role in the adaptive immune response.




4

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