Summary
Summary Grade 9 Physics/Electricity (Canadian Curriculum)
- Course
- Science
- Institution
- 10th Grade
Very in-depth, well-explained set of notes that will help you thoroughly understand the basics of electricity.
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Electricity: Electron movementNeutral: same # of protons and electrons
Positive charge: Atoms loses electrons
Negative charge: Atoms gain electrons
Conductors: Materials that electrons flow through easily (metals)
Insulators: Materials that don’t allows electrons to flow through them (cloth, rubber, pla
Current: steady flow of electrons along a circuit/conductor (wire)
Static: Sudden, rapid discharge of electrons (lightning, shocks)
● Static electricity needs a build-up of electrons on a surface
● Getting a shock from a metal doorknob = A rapid discharge of electrons from an in
(you) to a conductor (metal doorknob)
Laws of Static Electricity***:
● Opposite charges ATTRACT
● Like charges REPEL
● (Charged + Neutral ATTRACT)
● When object is charging, positive atoms stay still → only negative atoms move
Methods of Transferring Charge
1. Friction
● When two materials rub together, electrons move from one material to other
● Electrostatic series: determines which object will have positive charge and w
have negative charge (for friction)
○ Shows the attraction substances have to their valence electrons
→ Substances with a WEAK hold wil
electrons to a substance with a st
→ Since it LOSES electrons, it is lef
positive electrons than negative, s
becomes positively charged
→ Substances with a STRONG hold w
GAIN electrons
→ Since it gains electrons, it is left
negative electrons than positive, s
becomes negatively charged
● Assume the following objects have been rubbed with COTTON:
charged ebonite → negative charged polyethylene → negative repel
charged rubber → negative charged glass → positive attract
charged acetate → positive charged glass → positive repel
, ● Balloon is rubbed against wool, what charge will it have?
○ Method 1: Use the ESS to determine the charge, as it shows substances i
their hold on electrons. Balloon has a stronger hold on electrons compa
wool, so the balloon will become negatively charged
○ Method 2: Bring the balloon close to something that you already know th
of → If they attract, they have opposite charges. If they repel, they hav
charge.
● Between any two charged objects, there is an electric force (attraction or re
The closer the object is, the stronger the force of attraction or repulsion.
2. Conduction:
● CONTACT
● Charged object transfers electrons to a neutral object by direct contact
● When charged by conduction, it gets SAME charge as the object doing the char
● Negatively charged object:
● Positively charged object:
3. Induction
● NO CONTACT
● When a charged object is brought near a neutral object, it will force the move
electrons in the uncharged object, causing one side of it to appear positive or
● When charged by induction, it gets OPPOSITE charge as the object doing the ch
● Can be temporarily or permanently charged by induction
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