Summary
Summary Grade 9 Biology/Ecology (Canadian Curriculum)
- Course
- Science
- Institution
- 10th Grade
Very in-depth, well-explained set of notes that will help you thoroughly understand the basics of biology/ecology.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
Abiotic = non-living → ie. water, sunlight, temperature Decomposer: organism that feeds on or breaks down deadBiotic = living → includes dead living things plants and animals into molecules → very important for
sustainable ecosystem → ie. bacteria, fungi
Ecosystem = larger VS biome = specific location
Ecosystem: all living organisms & their physical and Herbivore: animals that eats plants or other producers
chemical environment Carnivore: animals that eats other animals
Sustainable ecosystem: can maintain natural ecological Omnimore: animals that eats both plants and animals
conditions or processes w/out interruption, weakening, or
loss of value → biodiversity, nutrient cycle Trophic level: the level of an organism in an ecosystem
depending on its feeding position along a food chain
● 1° trophic level (producers), 2° trophic level
Terrestrial Aquatic
(primary consumers), 3° trophic level (tertiary
Light availability → Light availability → consumers), etc.
photosynthesis aquatic plants and algae
– Clear cutting, fires photosynthesis Ecological niche: the function a species serves in an
remove shade – erosion, stirring up ecosystem: what it eats, what eats it, and how it behaves
bottom = clouds water
Water availability → Salinity → too low or too Biomass: total mass of living organisms in a given area
photosynthesis, cell high can cause (their cells)
reactions dehydration or cell
– Damming rivers, bursting ~ Relationships ~
draining, irrigation – long-term irrigation, ● Competition: two individuals compete for the
salting highways
same resources (-/-)
Nutrient availability → Nutrient availability → - Ie. fox and coyote both eat mice
photosynthesis, cell plant and animal nutrition ● Predation: one individual feeds on another (+/-)
respiration, building – nutrient from - Ie. lynx prey on rabbit
tissues agriculture/urban areas → ● Mutualism: two individuals benefiting each other
– farming practices algal blooms (+/+)
Temperature → too cold Temperature → same - Ie. bees pollinating flowers
= plants and animals thing ● Parasitism: one individual lives in/on and feeds
freeze / too hot = plants – wastewater from on a host organism (+/-)
wilt and organisms industries/power plants - Ie. lice on humans
dehydrate ● Commensalism: one individuals benefits and the
– global warming
other neither benefits nor is harmed (+/0)
Acidity (pH) → too low - Ie. birds nesting in trees
or or too high can cause
tissue damage or alter ~ Food Chains & Food Webs~
chemical reactions in cell Food chain: a sequences of organisms, each feeding on
– CO2 = acidity the next, showing how energy is transferred from one
organism to another
Producer: Organism that makes its own energy-rich food ● *Although not shown, decomposers are very
compounds using Sun’s energy → photosynthesis important → fungi and bacteria
● *Detritivores → worms
Consumer: Organisms that obtains its energy from
consuming other organisms Energy flow: the movement of energy from the producer
● Primary: herbivore → consume plant that captures the Sun’s energy to the consumers that eat the
matter/producers producers
● Secondary: carnivore → consume herbivores
, ~ Water Cycle ~
Direction of energy flow: from producers to consumers → Energy source/process involved: Sun and gravity
must start with organisms that can photosynthesize
because that is the primary way to capture and store the Water changes state, but stays as H2O (does not change
Sun’s energy chemical bond)
1. LIQUID water evaporates from body of water into
Representing energy flow: arrows pointing in the direction a GAS in atmosphere
of energy flow/movement → towards the organism doing 2. Water condensates (cools) in atmosphere and turns
the consuming into liquid (rain) or freezes / solidifies into SOLID
(hail/snow)
Disruption of food chain: an animal with a disease as a
secondary consumer causes primary consumer to Abiotic factors: bodies of water, atmosphere (precipitation
overpopulate → result in plant matter/producer being forms), ground (precipitation falls and stored underground)
consumed unsustainably → possible ecosystem collapse ● Water is key to changing structures of land masses
→ erosion, weathering, floodplains
Rule of thumb for food chains: producers are always on ● Water regulates climate (temp) → cools planet by
bottom because they capture the Sun’s energy → absorbing heat and reflecting light (albedo)
converting light energy into chemical energy
Biotic factors: plants (absorb water in roots), transpiration
Food webs VS food chains: out of leaves, animals drink water
● Food webs = multiple food chains
● Food webs can have multiple producers, primary, Importance to sustainability: Ecosystems require water
secondary, etc. consumers because all living things need water in their cells. Plants
● Food chain only has one of each type of need it to stay upright and perform photosynthesis. Plants,
producer/consumer at each trophic level animals, fungus, protists, bacteria (all things made of cells)
need water to carry out cellular reactions necessary for
Chemoautotrophs: using chemical reactions to obtain survival.
their energy (another source of energy other than
photosynthesis) → found in bacteria in deep vents Process: Water in the ocean evaporates into the
atmosphere. Once cooled (condensation), the gaseous
Representing energy and biomass in a pyramid: decreasing water changes its state back to a liquid and falls as
as you go up the pyramid levels → total energy and precipitation onto the land. An animal drinks the water
biomass at each level decreases from a small puddle and excretes it either as water in its
breath or in its urine.
Food chains are short because energy is lost as you go up a
food chain → so you cannot have a long food chain if ~ Carbon Cycle ~
energy is lost to the environment by organisms and is used Energy source involved: Sun
by organisms to survive
Carbon changes the atom it is bonded to. This may include
How energy is lost: a change of state. CO2 and CH4 (methane) tend to be
● Breathing, body temp regulation, movement, gases in the atmosphere, while glucose is a solid at room
repair, reproduction → require energy → energy is temperature. Carbon can be in the atmosphere, in Earth’s
lost to environment as wasted heat (meaning mantle, or dissolved in oceans.
organisms cannot recapture this energy to be
reused) Biotic factors: Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,
● Pyramid shape shows that less energy is available cells excrete CO2 waste through the process of cellular
at each level of food chain respiration.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller licathy54. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for CA$8.16. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75632 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now