NUTR 2351 Final Exam || very Flawless.
• What are the general characteristics of minerals correct answers Single, inorganic elements
general functions of minerals in the body? correct answers Structure (i.e. bone)
Help chemical reactions take place in cells (i.e. cofactors)
Immunity
Muscle contraction
Fluid and electrolyte balance
• How do we classify minerals? correct answers macro and microminerals
macrominerals correct answers 1. Need to consume more than 100 mg/day
2. At least 5 grams of the mineral in the body
microminerals correct answers 1. Need to consume less than 20 milligrams per day
2. The body contains less than 5 grams total.
• What is bioavailability correct answers - Degree to which a nutrient from food is absorbed and
utilized in the body
what factors affect the bioavailability of minerals? correct answers 1. Nutritional status affects
absorption for some minerals.
2. Amount of competing minerals in the intestinal tract also affects absorption
3. Binders can reduce bioavailability of some minerals.
4. Some nutrients can improve bioavailability
• How are the levels of the different minerals we talked about in class regulated in the body (i.e.
kidneys and GI tract)? correct answers GI tract regulates absorption from food based on the
body's need
Kidneys excrete excess and reabsorb minerals
o Sodium Functions in the body correct answers • *Electrolyte important in fluid balance*
•Muscle contraction
•Nerve impulse transmission
•Helps transport some nutrients across membranes (Na+/K+ pump)
o Sodium Food sources (i.e. where do we get MOST of our sodium?) correct answers 77%
(processed foods)
12% (naturally occurring)
5% (cooking)
6% (table salt)
o Risks of too much sodium in the diet correct answers hypertension, hypernatremia, calcium-
deficiency osteoporosis, fluid retention/weight gain
,hypernatremia correct answers excess sodium in the blood (occurs when fluids aren't replenished
after water is lost due to vomiting or diarrhea)
calcium-deficiency osteoporosis correct answers (sodium excess) decreases calcium resorption in
the kidney
o Regulation of sodium balance (adrenal glands and hypothalamus) correct answers 1.
Hypothalamus triggers the thirst mechanism.
2. Hypothalamus stimulates release of ADH from pituitary gland to reduce water excretion
•ADH stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys = less urine
o (sodium) why is the high prevalence of hypertension so concerning (what other health
conditions can hypertension lead to?) correct answers Over time extra pressure can stiffen
vessels and give you heart disease/failure
o General food sources and functions of potassium correct answers Veggies and Fruits,
Dairy, Nuts, Beans
•Helps lower high blood pressure
o General food sources and functions of magnesium correct answers Green leafy veggies,
WHOLE grains, Nuts, Beans
•Helps lower blood pressure
o General food sources and functions of calcium correct answers Dairy, Soy, Some green
veggies
•Major structural component of bones and teeth
corticol bone correct answers surface of bone (compact, dense)
trabecular bone correct answers inside of bone; spongy, more sensitive to changes in dietary
calcium (when blood calcium drops, this is where calcium is drawn from if dietary calcium is
unavailable)
o Adequacy of potassium in the American diet correct answers low
o Adequacy of magnesium in the American diet correct answers too high on refined grains, too
low on whole grains
o Adequacy of calcium in the American diet correct answers americans fall short
o DASH diet Purpose (what has it been shown to do?) correct answers Dietary Approaches to
Stop Hypertension
, o Foods included in the DASH diet correct answers high in whole grains, fruits, vegetables,
legumes, and low-fat dairy products
o Nutrients of focus correct answers •potassium, magnesium, calcium
All associated with lower blood pressure
• Osteoporosis correct answers a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily
type 1 osteoporosis correct answers Results from lowered estrogen levels women experience
during menopause; rapid bone loss
type 2 osteoporosis correct answers Bone breakdown (osteoclasts) outpaces bone formation
(osteoblasts)
Occurs in both men and women; slow loss over time due to aging
o What is peak bone mass and bone mineral density correct answers BMD: Amount of minerals,
in particular calcium, per volume in an individual's bone. Determines bone strength
Peak Bone Mass: Genetically determined maximum amount of bone mass an individual can
accrue. Growth in size finishes in teens, density continues to increase into late 20s or early 30s.
bone loss (begins when) correct answers begins mid-30s. Bone loss exceeds rate at which new
bone is added.
o Health consequences of osteoporosis correct answers bone loss
o Major dietary factors affecting BMD correct answers need adequate calcium and vitamin D
intake
correct answers
Heme iron correct answers •Ferrous iron (Fe 2+)
Reduced form
•Part of
Hemoglobin (carries O2 in blood)
Myoglobin (carries O2 in muscle)
Cytochromes (carries electrons in electron transport chain)
•Found in animal foods
Meat, poultry, fish
nonheme iron correct answers •Ferric iron (Fe 3+)
Oxidized form
•Found in plant foods
Grains, vegetables, enriched breads, and fortified cereals
80% of iron consumed from foods is nonheme
• What are the general characteristics of minerals correct answers Single, inorganic elements
general functions of minerals in the body? correct answers Structure (i.e. bone)
Help chemical reactions take place in cells (i.e. cofactors)
Immunity
Muscle contraction
Fluid and electrolyte balance
• How do we classify minerals? correct answers macro and microminerals
macrominerals correct answers 1. Need to consume more than 100 mg/day
2. At least 5 grams of the mineral in the body
microminerals correct answers 1. Need to consume less than 20 milligrams per day
2. The body contains less than 5 grams total.
• What is bioavailability correct answers - Degree to which a nutrient from food is absorbed and
utilized in the body
what factors affect the bioavailability of minerals? correct answers 1. Nutritional status affects
absorption for some minerals.
2. Amount of competing minerals in the intestinal tract also affects absorption
3. Binders can reduce bioavailability of some minerals.
4. Some nutrients can improve bioavailability
• How are the levels of the different minerals we talked about in class regulated in the body (i.e.
kidneys and GI tract)? correct answers GI tract regulates absorption from food based on the
body's need
Kidneys excrete excess and reabsorb minerals
o Sodium Functions in the body correct answers • *Electrolyte important in fluid balance*
•Muscle contraction
•Nerve impulse transmission
•Helps transport some nutrients across membranes (Na+/K+ pump)
o Sodium Food sources (i.e. where do we get MOST of our sodium?) correct answers 77%
(processed foods)
12% (naturally occurring)
5% (cooking)
6% (table salt)
o Risks of too much sodium in the diet correct answers hypertension, hypernatremia, calcium-
deficiency osteoporosis, fluid retention/weight gain
,hypernatremia correct answers excess sodium in the blood (occurs when fluids aren't replenished
after water is lost due to vomiting or diarrhea)
calcium-deficiency osteoporosis correct answers (sodium excess) decreases calcium resorption in
the kidney
o Regulation of sodium balance (adrenal glands and hypothalamus) correct answers 1.
Hypothalamus triggers the thirst mechanism.
2. Hypothalamus stimulates release of ADH from pituitary gland to reduce water excretion
•ADH stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys = less urine
o (sodium) why is the high prevalence of hypertension so concerning (what other health
conditions can hypertension lead to?) correct answers Over time extra pressure can stiffen
vessels and give you heart disease/failure
o General food sources and functions of potassium correct answers Veggies and Fruits,
Dairy, Nuts, Beans
•Helps lower high blood pressure
o General food sources and functions of magnesium correct answers Green leafy veggies,
WHOLE grains, Nuts, Beans
•Helps lower blood pressure
o General food sources and functions of calcium correct answers Dairy, Soy, Some green
veggies
•Major structural component of bones and teeth
corticol bone correct answers surface of bone (compact, dense)
trabecular bone correct answers inside of bone; spongy, more sensitive to changes in dietary
calcium (when blood calcium drops, this is where calcium is drawn from if dietary calcium is
unavailable)
o Adequacy of potassium in the American diet correct answers low
o Adequacy of magnesium in the American diet correct answers too high on refined grains, too
low on whole grains
o Adequacy of calcium in the American diet correct answers americans fall short
o DASH diet Purpose (what has it been shown to do?) correct answers Dietary Approaches to
Stop Hypertension
, o Foods included in the DASH diet correct answers high in whole grains, fruits, vegetables,
legumes, and low-fat dairy products
o Nutrients of focus correct answers •potassium, magnesium, calcium
All associated with lower blood pressure
• Osteoporosis correct answers a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily
type 1 osteoporosis correct answers Results from lowered estrogen levels women experience
during menopause; rapid bone loss
type 2 osteoporosis correct answers Bone breakdown (osteoclasts) outpaces bone formation
(osteoblasts)
Occurs in both men and women; slow loss over time due to aging
o What is peak bone mass and bone mineral density correct answers BMD: Amount of minerals,
in particular calcium, per volume in an individual's bone. Determines bone strength
Peak Bone Mass: Genetically determined maximum amount of bone mass an individual can
accrue. Growth in size finishes in teens, density continues to increase into late 20s or early 30s.
bone loss (begins when) correct answers begins mid-30s. Bone loss exceeds rate at which new
bone is added.
o Health consequences of osteoporosis correct answers bone loss
o Major dietary factors affecting BMD correct answers need adequate calcium and vitamin D
intake
correct answers
Heme iron correct answers •Ferrous iron (Fe 2+)
Reduced form
•Part of
Hemoglobin (carries O2 in blood)
Myoglobin (carries O2 in muscle)
Cytochromes (carries electrons in electron transport chain)
•Found in animal foods
Meat, poultry, fish
nonheme iron correct answers •Ferric iron (Fe 3+)
Oxidized form
•Found in plant foods
Grains, vegetables, enriched breads, and fortified cereals
80% of iron consumed from foods is nonheme
