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NR601 Midterm Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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NR601 Midterm Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100%Verified
What are the 3 primary physiological changes of aging? - 1. Reduced physiological reserve of most body
systems, esp. cardiac, resp, renal.
2. Reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory systems (i.e. temp control, fluid/lyte
balance, etc.).
3. Impaired immunological function (infection risk is greater, autoimmune dz's more prevalent)
What is the preferred amount of exercise for elderly? - 30min/day 5 days/wk of moderate exercise.
If trying to lose wt: 60min/day.
What are PFTs? - Group of tests that provide quantifiable measurement of lung function, used to dx resp
abnormalities or assess progression/resolution of lung dz.
What is FEV1? - Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (80-120%)
What is FVC? - Forced Vital Capacity (80-120%)
,What is normal FEV1/FVC ratio? - <0.7 (70%)
What is GOLD 1 criteria? - Mild
FEV1 >/= 80% predicted
What is GOLD 2 criteria? - Moderate
FEV1 50-79% predicted
What is GOLD 3 criteria? - Severe
FEV1 30-49% predicted
What is GOLD 4 criteria? - Very severe
FEV1 <30% predicted
What are the signal symptoms of COPD? - Dyspnea
Chronic cough w/sputum
Decreased activity tolerance
Wheezing
,What are characteristics of COPD? - Common, preventable, treatable.
Characterized by persistent airflow limitation.
Usually progressive, associated with enhanced chronic inflammatory response in airways and lungs to
noxious particles/gases
Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs, airway inflammation, increased airway resistance, small airway dz.
Decreased elastic recoil of alveoli.
What are risk factors for COPD? - Smoking (increasing w/number of pack years)
Second hand smoke
Environmental pollution (endotoxins, coal dust, mineral dust)
What is seen on phys exam in COPD? - May be normal in early states
, As severity progresses: lung hyperinflation, decreased breath sounds, wheezes at bases, distant heart
tones (b/c of hyperinflation, so S1/S2 sounds off in distance), accessory muscle use, pursed lip breathing,
increased expiratory phase, neck vein distention.
How is COPD diagnosed? - Spirometry is gold standard (pre and post bronchodilator).
Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark.
How is COPD treated? - Bronchodilators: beta agonists (long/short), anticholinergics (long/short), or
combo.
What is the MOA of beta agonists? - Stimulates beta-2-adrenergic receptors, increasing cyclic AMP,
resulting in relaxing airways.
What is the MOA of anticholinergics? - Block the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic type 3 receptors,
resulting in bronchodilation.
Why are long-acting beta agonists prescribed for COPD? - They are for moderate airflow limitation.
They relieve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, reduce number of exacerbations, improve QOL.
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