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BIOL 235 Chapter 12 exam questions and answers 2024.
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BIOL 235:Chapter 12 exam
questions and
answers 2024
Central nervous system - answer brain and spinal
cord
1. processes incoming sensory information
2. source of thoughts, emotions, memories
3. Most signals that stimulate muscles to contract
and glands to secrete originate in the CNS.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - answer
consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS.
Components include nerves, ganglia, enteric
plexuses, and sensory receptors.
Peripheral nervous system (subdivisions) - answer
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
,Enteric nervous system
nerve - answer bundle of hundreds to thousands
of axons plus associated connective tissue and
blood vessels that lies outside the brain and spinal
cord.
cranial nerves number - answer 12 pairs emerge
from brain
spinal nerves number - answer 31 pairs emerge
from spinal cord
ganglia - answer small masses of nervous tissue,
consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, that are
located outside the brain and spinal cord. Closely
associated with cranial and spinal nerves.
enteric plexuses - answer extensive networks of
neurons located in the walls of organs of the
gastrointestinal tract. Neurons of these plexuses
help regulate digestive system.
sensory receptor - answer structure of the
peripheral nervous system that monitors changes
in the external or internal environment. Touch
,receptors in skin, photoreceptors in eye, olfactory
receptors in nose.
Somatic nervous system (SNS) - answer
Subdivision of PNS
-voluntary
1. sensory neurons: convey information to the CNS
from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and
limbs and from receptors for the special senses of
vision, hearing, taste, and smell.
2. motor neurons: conduct impulses from the CNS
to skeletal muscles only.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) - answer
Subdivision of PNS
-involuntary
1. sensory neurons: convey information to the CNS
from autonomic sensory receptors, located
primarily in visceral organs such as the stomach
and lungs.
2. motor neurons: conduct nerve impulses from the
CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Motor part of ANS: divisions - answer
Sympathetic division: helps support exercise or
emergency actions. "Fight or flight."
, Parasympathetic division: "rest and digest"
activites.
In general, effectors receive nerves from both
divisions, and usually the two divisions have
opposing actions. (Ex. sympathetic neurons
increase heart rate, parasympathetic neurons slow
it down)
Enteric nervous system (ENS) - answer
Subdivision of PNS: "Brain of the gut"
-involuntary
1. sensory neurons: monitor chemical changes
within the GI tract as well as the stretching of its
walls.
2. motor neurons: govern contractions of GI tract
smooth muscle to propel food through the GI tract,
secretions of GI tract organs (such as acid from the
stomach), and activities of GI tract endocrine cells,
which secrete hormones.
Most plexuses function independently of the ANS
and CNS to some extent, although they also
communicate with the CNS via sympathetic and
parasympathetic neurons.
Functions of nervous system - answer Sensory
Function, Integrative function, Motor Function
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