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BBH 311 Exam 4 Study Set with Questions and Answers
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Biomarker objective indicators of medical state symptom patients perceive about themselves WHO biomakrer any measurement reflecting an interaction between a biological system and a potential hazard, which may by chemical, physical or biological. The measured response may be functional and physiol...

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  • August 26, 2024
  • 9
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • bbh 311 exam 4 study set with questions and answer
  • biomarker objective indicators of medical state
  • symptom patients perceive about themselves

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  • BBH 311

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BBH 311 Exam 4 Study Set with
Questions and Answers
Biomarker ✅objective indicators of medical state

symptom ✅patients perceive about themselves

WHO biomakrer ✅any measurement reflecting an interaction between a biological
system and a potential hazard, which may by chemical, physical or biological. The
measured response may be functional and physiological and biochemical at the cellular
level or molecular interaction

Exampleof biomarkers ✅Blood pressure
Heart Rate
Glucose Index
Body mass index
salivary cortisol
pulse oxygen

Biomarkers vs clinical endpoints ✅Biomarker:
- objective, quantifiable characteristics of biological processes
dont necessarily correlate with patients experience or perception
-implications: Measurable biological indicators that are undetectable or vary widely
without effect on health
-potential to be unhelpful as reliable predictors of disease presence or absence
Clinical endpoints:
- variables that reflect how a patient feels, functions or survives
- represent patient/participation health and well being from their perspective

relevance to medical research ✅- depends on the goal
- improve morbidity and mortality = clinical endpoints more relevant than biomarker
changes with no clear clinical outcomes
- Not all clinical endpoints are created equal

Biomarkers as surrogate clinical endpoints ✅- Act as surrogates from meaningful
endpoints
- Not all biomarkers are created equal
- There must be a solid, scientific evidence indicating that biomarker reliably and
accurately predicts clinical outcome (positive or negative)
- Dont mistake correlation with causation
(multiple disease pathways may be involved -> biomarker may be indirect sign of
pathway that isn't part of disease process

, Advantages to using biomarkers as surrogate endpoints ✅- provide interim information
about safety and efficacy of treatment without waiting for poor clinical outcomes
- allow researcher to design smaller studies, which shortens time and expense to run
trials

Proceed with causion ✅Assumption: Biomarkers developed with success for one
clinical endpoint translates broadly into other context
Result: Can lead to flawed research conclusions▪Example: Arrhythmia suppression as
biomarker for reduced morbidity in cardiovascular disease development of several anti-
arrhythmia drugs▪Eventually learned these drugs increased mortality in certain
populations not originally tested

Biobehavioral Health ✅Designed to integrate biological, behavioral, psychological,
socio-cultural, and environmental approaches to the study of the science behind health

Multidisciplinary research ✅Working side-by-side

Interdisciplinary ✅Blurring disciplinary boundaries

Transdisciplinary research ✅Transcending disciplinary boundaries

Medieval University ✅Disciplines rich history in university and academic settings -
>Trivium (place where three roads meet) ->QuadriviumArithmetic (math)Geometry
(numbers in space)Astronomy (numbers in space and time)Trivium and Quadrivium 7
liberal arts of anciet Green and Rome

Enlightenment Period ✅Emergence of "polymath" scholars Spanned multiple
disciplines"Renaissance men"Da Vinci (1452-1519)Bacon (1561-1626)Descartes
(1596-1650)Expansive knowledge of science, philosophy, theology

Modern Universities ✅House multiple disciplines
Broad range of categories
Humanities (e.g., history, languages, visual arts, religion)
Social sciences (e.g., anthropology, psychology, sociology)
Natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, space sciences)
Formal sciences (e.g., mathematics, systems science, computer science)
Professions and applied sciences (e.g., architecture, engineering, forestry, library and
museum sciences)

Working Side-By-Side ✅Disciplines were merging to create new scientific fields
Bioinformatics
Nanotechnology
Biobehavioral health

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