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BBH 432 Exam 4 Test Questions and Correct Answers
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Tend-and-befriend response under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend) Biobehavioral threat response designed to protect self and offspring: - use of social groups: to provide physical and perhaps psychologica...

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  • August 26, 2024
  • 20
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • bbh 432 exam 4 test questions and correct answers
  • tend and befriend response under stress people
  • biobehavioral threat response designed to protect

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  • BBH 432

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BBH 432 Exam 4 Test Questions and
Correct Answers
Tend-and-befriend response ✅under stress, people (especially women) often provide
support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Biobehavioral threat response designed to protect self and offspring:
- use of social groups: to provide physical and perhaps psychological protection
- calming and soothing behaviors: to protect offspring when fight or flight would be
impossible or unhelpful

Tend ✅blend into environment; quiet and care for others

Befriend ✅create and maintain social networks

Tend and befriend new theory ✅high maternal investment-> biobehavioral stress
response that maximize survival of self, offspring, and others

Oxytocin and vasopressin ✅neuropeptides:
- synthesized in the hypothalamus supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

- transported to the posterior pituitary, stored and released into blood stream

When first discovered they were known for:
Vasopressin: salt and water homeostasis

Oxytocin: birth and lactation

Neurotransmitters vs neuropeptides (twitter molecules) ✅whereas neurotransmitters
are 'private' messages from one neuron to another, peptides are messages between
populations of cells - messages that can act across considerable distances linking
widely dispersed cell groups, but which lack temporal and spatial precision

What are the differences in behavior and brain structure between prairie voles and
montane voles ✅monogamous prairie voles mate for life and they have more oxytocin
receptors in key brain regions (vs nonmonogamous voles)

Darker stain= more receptors in that area

What changes when humans snort oxytocin ✅psychology:
- trust, recognition of emotions, gaze into the eye region all increase. Has been
considered as a treatment fro autism

,Brain region:
- reduced activation of the amygdala

Endocrinology (blood levels)
- bonding
- trustworthiness

What are the effects of oxytocin on facial emotion recognition (reading the mind in the
eyes study) ✅in a double blind placebo controlled within-subject design, 30 healthy
males tested for their ability to infer the affective mental state of others using the
reading the mind in the eyes test (rmet) after intranasal administration of
oxytocin/placebo

Oxytocin also helps adults with schizophrenia interpret facial emotions
- paranoia can result from interpreting neutral faces as threatening
- patients with schizophrenia had a deficit relative to controls in recognizing emotions

Intranasal ot administration ✅- oxytocin reduced amygdala activation in response to
fearful faces in schizophrenia patients
- in healthy controls, the amygdala was more active after ot

- accuracy of emotion recognition was significantly increased in both groups

Which studies argue against the claim that oxytocin is the "love hormone" ✅intranasal
administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating)
- following the administration of oxytocin or a placebo, participants played a game of
chance with another (fake) participant who either won more money (envy manipulation)
or lost more money (schadenfreude manipulation)

Oxytocin enhanced ratings of envy and schadenfreude

- in comparison with the placebo, oxytocin increased with envy ratings during unequal
monetary gain conditions involving relative loss (when the participant gained less
money than another player). Oxytocin also increased the ratings of gloating during
relative gain conditions. Oxytocin had no effect of the emotional ratings following equal
monetary gains nor did it affect the general mood ratings

- these results suggest that the oxytocinergic system is involved in modulating envy and
gloating. Thus, contrary to the prevailing belief that this system is involved solely in
positive prosocial behaviors, it probably plays a key role in a wider range of social
emotion-related behaviors.

Intranasal oxytocin increases positive communication and reduces cortisol levels during
couple conflict ✅with oxytocin there was more:
- eye contact, interest, emotional self-disclosure, validation, caring, nonverbal positive
behavior

, And there was less:
- criticism, contempt, defensiveness, domineering, stonewalling, nonverbal negative
behavior, interruption

Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to
psychological stress ✅methods: a 2:2 design (oxytocin/placebo and social support/no-
social support

37 healthy men were exposed to the trier social stress test

All participants were randomly assigned to receive intranasal oxytocin or placebo 50
min before stress, and either social support from their best friend during the preparation
period or no social support

Stress, social support, and oxytocin ✅interaction: social support and oxytocin interact
to reduce cortisol response to stress

An interaction means "it depends". If i say what is the effect of stress on cortisol levels,
the answer from this study is "it depends- what condition was the participant assigned
to?

If they were assigned to receive social support, or oxytocin, the change in cortisol during
stress is smaller than if they get no treatment

If they were assigned both oxytocin and social support their cortisol response is even
smaller

Either social support or oxytocin lowered cortisol response to stress and the
combination of the two lowered it the most!!!

Area under the curve as a measure of stress response, why do this? ✅i think of area
under curve as a way to capture to cumulative exposure of the body to cortisol

Why not just report peak cortisol or reactivity change from baseline to stress? ✅people
show their peak at different times, also a person could show a lower peak but a slower
recovery

Vasopressin and stress ✅vasopressin acts in conjunction with crh to regulate the
release of acth in response to stress

What do the authors say is the goal of this review (meyer-lindenberg oxytocin and
vasopressin) ✅to assess oxytocin and vasopressin systems in the human brain

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